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The Unavoidability of Low Inflation–Low Output Traps

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  • Narayana R Kocherlakota

Abstract

Since the collapse of the Bretton Woods monetary system, the monies of the developed world have been unbacked by any formal promise of convertibility. Yet, inflation has typically undershot, not overshot, central bank targets over the past couple decades. The low, while generally positive, inflation rate has (more arguably) been associated with low output and low growth. In this article, I consider these observations through the lens of a class of representative agent rational expectations models with nominal (price-setting) frictions and the possibility of firm entry/exit. I show that for any level of nominal frictions (no matter how small) and for any monetary policy rule that satisfies a set of weak restrictions, there is a large set of equilibria that exhibit permanently low inflation, low output, and low nominal interest rates. These equilibria can only exhibit positive long-run inflation if growth is low and the specification of nominal frictions (i.e. the Phillips curve) takes an unconventional but nonetheless empirically plausible form.

Suggested Citation

  • Narayana R Kocherlakota, 2022. "The Unavoidability of Low Inflation–Low Output Traps," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 89(6), pages 3410-3435.
    • Handle: RePEc:oup:restud:v:89:y:2022:i:6:p:3410-3435.
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1093/restud/rdac009
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    7. John H. Cochrane, 2017. "Michelson-Morley, Fisher, and Occam: The Radical Implications of Stable Quiet Inflation at the Zero Bound," NBER Chapters, in: NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2017, volume 32, pages 113-226, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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    Cited by:

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