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Signatures of Floquet electronic steady states in graphene under continuous-wave mid-infrared irradiation

Author

Listed:
  • Yijing Liu

    (Georgetown University)

  • Christopher Yang

    (California Institute of Technology)

  • Gabriel Gaertner

    (New Mexico Tech)

  • John Huckabee

    (New Mexico Tech)

  • Alexey V. Suslov

    (National High Magnetic Field Laboratory)

  • Gil Refael

    (California Institute of Technology)

  • Frederik Nathan

    (University of Copenhagen)

  • Cyprian Lewandowski

    (National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
    Florida State University)

  • Luis E. F. Foa Torres

    (University of Chile)

  • Iliya Esin

    (California Institute of Technology
    Bar-Ilan University)

  • Paola Barbara

    (Georgetown University)

  • Nikolai G. Kalugin

    (New Mexico Tech)

Abstract

Light-induced phenomena in materials can exhibit exotic behavior that extends beyond equilibrium properties, offering new avenues for understanding and controlling electronic phases. So far, non-equilibrium phenomena in solids have been predominantly explored using femtosecond laser pulses, which generate transient, ultra-fast dynamics. Here, we investigate the steady non-equilibrium regime in graphene induced by a continuous-wave (CW) mid-infrared laser. Our transport measurements reveal signatures of a long-lived Floquet phase, where a non-equilibrium electronic population is stabilized by the interplay between coherent photoexcitation and incoherent phonon cooling. The observation of non-equilibrium steady states using CW lasers stimulates further investigations of low-temperature Floquet phenomena towards Floquet engineering of steady-state phases of matter.

Suggested Citation

  • Yijing Liu & Christopher Yang & Gabriel Gaertner & John Huckabee & Alexey V. Suslov & Gil Refael & Frederik Nathan & Cyprian Lewandowski & Luis E. F. Foa Torres & Iliya Esin & Paola Barbara & Nikolai , 2025. "Signatures of Floquet electronic steady states in graphene under continuous-wave mid-infrared irradiation," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 16(1), pages 1-7, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:16:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-025-57335-2
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-57335-2
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    References listed on IDEAS

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