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Flowering in the Northern Hemisphere is delayed by frost after leaf-out

Author

Listed:
  • Haoyu Qiu

    (Sichuan University)

  • Qin Yan

    (Sichuan University)

  • Yuchuan Yang

    (Sichuan University)

  • Xu Huang

    (Sichuan University)

  • Jinmei Wang

    (Sichuan University)

  • Jiajie Luo

    (Sichuan University)

  • Lang Peng

    (Sichuan University)

  • Ge Bai

    (Sichuan University)

  • Liuyue Zhang

    (Sichuan University)

  • Rui Zhang

    (Zhejiang A&F University)

  • Yongshuo H. Fu

    (Beijing Normal University)

  • Chaoyang Wu

    (Chinese Academy of Sciences)

  • Josep Peñuelas

    (National Research Council (CSIC)
    Cerdanyola del Vallès)

  • Lei Chen

    (Sichuan University
    Zhejiang A&F University)

Abstract

Late spring frosts, occurring after spring phenological events, pose a dire threat to tree growth and forest productivity. With climate warming, earlier spring phenological events have become increasingly common and led to plants experiencing more frequent and severe frost damage. However, the effect of late spring frosts after leaf-out on subsequent flowering phenology in woody species remains unknown. Utilizing 572,734 phenological records of 640 species at 5024 sites from four long-term and large-scale in situ phenological networks across the Northern Hemisphere, we show that late spring frosts following leaf-out significantly delay the onset of the subsequent flowering by approximately 6.0 days. Late-leafing species exhibit greater sensitivity to the frosts than early-leafing species, resulting in a longer delay of 2.5 days in flowering. Trees in warm regions and periods exhibit a more pronounced frost-induced flowering delay compared to those in cold regions and periods. A significant increase in the frequency of late spring frost occurrence is observed in recent decades. Our findings elucidate the intricate relationships among leaf-out, frost, and flowering but also emphasize that the sequential progression of phenological events, rather than individual phenological stages, should be considered when assessing the phenological responses to climate change.

Suggested Citation

  • Haoyu Qiu & Qin Yan & Yuchuan Yang & Xu Huang & Jinmei Wang & Jiajie Luo & Lang Peng & Ge Bai & Liuyue Zhang & Rui Zhang & Yongshuo H. Fu & Chaoyang Wu & Josep Peñuelas & Lei Chen, 2024. "Flowering in the Northern Hemisphere is delayed by frost after leaf-out," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-11, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:15:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-024-53382-3
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-53382-3
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Jay Ram Lamichhane, 2021. "Rising risks of late-spring frosts in a changing climate," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 11(7), pages 554-555, July.
    2. Andrew D. Richardson & Koen Hufkens & Thomas Milliman & Donald M. Aubrecht & Morgan E. Furze & Bijan Seyednasrollah & Misha B. Krassovski & John M. Latimer & W. Robert Nettles & Ryan R. Heiderman & Je, 2018. "Ecosystem warming extends vegetation activity but heightens vulnerability to cold temperatures," Nature, Nature, vol. 560(7718), pages 368-371, August.
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    5. Constantin M. Zohner & Blas M. Benito & Jens-Christian Svenning & Susanne S. Renner, 2016. "Day length unlikely to constrain climate-driven shifts in leaf-out times of northern woody plants," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 6(12), pages 1120-1123, December.
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