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Improvement of immune dysregulation in individuals with long COVID at 24-months following SARS-CoV-2 infection

Author

Listed:
  • Chansavath Phetsouphanh

    (University of New South Wales)

  • Brendan Jacka

    (University of New South Wales)

  • Sara Ballouz

    (Garvan Institute for Medical research
    University of New South Wales)

  • Katherine J. L. Jackson

    (Garvan Institute for Medical research)

  • Daniel B. Wilson

    (University of New South Wales)

  • Bikash Manandhar

    (University of New South Wales)

  • Vera Klemm

    (University of New South Wales)

  • Hyon-Xhi Tan

    (University of Melbourne)

  • Adam Wheatley

    (University of Melbourne)

  • Anupriya Aggarwal

    (University of New South Wales)

  • Anouschka Akerman

    (University of New South Wales)

  • Vanessa Milogiannakis

    (University of New South Wales)

  • Mitchell Starr

    (St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research)

  • Phillip Cunningham

    (St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research)

  • Stuart G. Turville

    (University of New South Wales)

  • Stephen J. Kent

    (University of Melbourne)

  • Anthony Byrne

    (St. Vincent’s Hospital Sydney and Faculty of Medicine and Health (UNSW))

  • Bruce J. Brew

    (Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit- St Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research)

  • David R. Darley

    (St. Vincent’s Hospital)

  • Gregory J. Dore

    (University of New South Wales
    St. Vincent’s Hospital)

  • Anthony D. Kelleher

    (University of New South Wales
    St. Vincent’s Hospital)

  • Gail V. Matthews

    (University of New South Wales
    St. Vincent’s Hospital)

Abstract

This study investigates the humoral and cellular immune responses and health-related quality of life measures in individuals with mild to moderate long COVID (LC) compared to age and gender matched recovered COVID-19 controls (MC) over 24 months. LC participants show elevated nucleocapsid IgG levels at 3 months, and higher neutralizing capacity up to 8 months post-infection. Increased spike-specific and nucleocapsid-specific CD4+ T cells, PD-1, and TIM-3 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were observed at 3 and 8 months, but these differences do not persist at 24 months. Some LC participants had detectable IFN-γ and IFN-β, that was attributed to reinfection and antigen re-exposure. Single-cell RNA sequencing at the 24 month timepoint shows similar immune cell proportions and reconstitution of naïve T and B cell subsets in LC and MC. No significant differences in exhaustion scores or antigen-specific T cell clones are observed. These findings suggest resolution of immune activation in LC and return to comparable immune responses between LC and MC over time. Improvement in self-reported health-related quality of life at 24 months was also evident in the majority of LC (62%). PTX3, CRP levels and platelet count are associated with improvements in health-related quality of life.

Suggested Citation

  • Chansavath Phetsouphanh & Brendan Jacka & Sara Ballouz & Katherine J. L. Jackson & Daniel B. Wilson & Bikash Manandhar & Vera Klemm & Hyon-Xhi Tan & Adam Wheatley & Anupriya Aggarwal & Anouschka Akerm, 2024. "Improvement of immune dysregulation in individuals with long COVID at 24-months following SARS-CoV-2 infection," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 15(1), pages 1-15, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:15:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-024-47720-8
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47720-8
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Ziyad Al-Aly & Yan Xie & Benjamin Bowe, 2021. "High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19," Nature, Nature, vol. 594(7862), pages 259-264, June.
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