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PromoCast™: A New Forecasting Method for Promotion Planning

Author

Listed:
  • Lee G. Cooper

    (The Anderson School, 110 Westwood Plaza, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1481)

  • Penny Baron

    (efficient market services, inc., 106 Wilmot Road, Suite 400, Deerfield, Illinois 60015)

  • Wayne Levy

    (efficient market services, inc., 106 Wilmot Road, Suite 400, Deerfield, Illinois 60015)

  • Michael Swisher

    (efficient market services, inc., 106 Wilmot Road, Suite 400, Deerfield, Illinois 60015)

  • Paris Gogos

    (efficient market services, inc., 106 Wilmot Road, Suite 400, Deerfield, Illinois 60015)

Abstract

This article describes the implementation of a promotion-event forecasting system, PromoCast™, and its performance in several pilot applications and validity studies. Pilot studies involved retail grocery chains with 95 to 185 stores per trading area. The goal was to provide short-term, tactical forecasts useful for planning promotions from a retailer's perspective. Thus, the forecast system must be able to handle any of the over 150,000 UPCs in each store's item master file, and must be scalable to produce approximately 800,000,000 forecasts per year across all the retailers served by (). This is a much different task than one that confronts a manufacturer, even one with a broad product line. Manufacturers can benefit from custom modeling in a product line or category. Retailers need a production system that generates forecasts that help promotion planning. Marketing scientists have typically approached promotion analysis from the manufacturer's perspective. One objective of this article is to encourage marketing scientists to rethink promotion analysis from a different perspective. From the retailer's point of view the “planning unit” is the promotion event. Neither weekly store-tracking data nor shopping-trip data from consumer panels are easily aggregated to reflect total sales during a promotion event. We describe the promotion-event databases and the statistical model developed using these databases. The data are the strategic asset. Our goal is to help retailers use their data to increase the profitability of promotions. We have data on the performance of each UPC in each store under a variety of promotion conditions, on each store's adeptness at executing various styles of promotions, as well as on chain-wide historical performance for each UPC. We use many historical averages from these databases to build a 67-variable, regression-style model. The forecast incorporates a simple bias correction needed when using a log-transformed dependent variable (the natural log of total unit sales). We argue that the historical averages matching the planned ad and display conditions provide a benchmark superior to the widely used “base-times-lift” method. When aggregated into case units (the natural unit for product ordering), 69% of the forecasts in our first validation study were within ± one case compared to 39% within ± one case using the appropriate historical averages. We report the results of two over-time validity studies that reflect the value of our model for retailers. The limitations and implications of this planning tool for managerial decision making concerning stocking levels are discussed. Whenever historical data are the strategic asset we face inherent limitations. Our model does not forecast new products. The forecast error increases when an existing product is promoted in a new way. Over 99.5% of the time, we have full data from which to create a forecast. However, with a database for a typical chain market containing over 20 million promotion events in the 30-month time frame we use, 100,000 events have less than ideal data. The breadth of the database (typically 150,000 UPS) makes it impractical to incorporate data on competitive offerings. We find that regression-style modeling is not adept at incorporating information on the 1,200 subcommodities managed in our pilot stores or the 1,000 manufacturers who supply those stores. Despite these limitations we show the value of using promotion-event data, how tactical forecasts based on these data can directly impact the bottom line of grocery retailers, and how store-by-store forecasts can help retailers with problems of running out of stock or overstocking.

Suggested Citation

  • Lee G. Cooper & Penny Baron & Wayne Levy & Michael Swisher & Paris Gogos, 1999. "PromoCast™: A New Forecasting Method for Promotion Planning," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 18(3), pages 301-316.
  • Handle: RePEc:inm:ormksc:v:18:y:1999:i:3:p:301-316
    DOI: 10.1287/mksc.18.3.301
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. Tong Wang & Cheng He & Fujie Jin & Yu Jeffrey Hu, 2022. "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Marketing Campaigns for Malls Using a Novel Interpretable Machine Learning Model," Information Systems Research, INFORMS, vol. 33(2), pages 659-677, June.
    2. Fildes, Robert & Goodwin, Paul & Onkal, Dilek, 2015. "Information use in supply chain forecasting," MPRA Paper 66034, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Shuba Srinivasan & Koen Pauwels & Dominique M. Hanssens & Marnik G. Dekimpe, 2004. "Do Promotions Benefit Manufacturers, Retailers, or Both?," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 50(5), pages 617-629, May.
    4. R Fildes & K Nikolopoulos & S F Crone & A A Syntetos, 2008. "Forecasting and operational research: a review," Journal of the Operational Research Society, Palgrave Macmillan;The OR Society, vol. 59(9), pages 1150-1172, September.
    5. Fildes, Robert & Ma, Shaohui & Kolassa, Stephan, 2022. "Retail forecasting: Research and practice," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 38(4), pages 1283-1318.
    6. Hewage, Harsha Chamara & Perera, H. Niles & De Baets, Shari, 2022. "Forecast adjustments during post-promotional periods," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 300(2), pages 461-472.
    7. Ramanathan, Usha & Muyldermans, Luc, 2010. "Identifying demand factors for promotional planning and forecasting: A case of a soft drink company in the UK," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(2), pages 538-545, December.
    8. Ramanathan, Usha & Gunasekaran, Angappa, 2014. "Supply chain collaboration: Impact of success in long-term partnerships," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 147(PB), pages 252-259.
    9. Gür Ali, Özden & Gürlek, Ragıp, 2020. "Automatic Interpretable Retail forecasting with promotional scenarios," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 36(4), pages 1389-1406.
    10. Perera, H. Niles & Hurley, Jason & Fahimnia, Behnam & Reisi, Mohsen, 2019. "The human factor in supply chain forecasting: A systematic review," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 274(2), pages 574-600.
    11. Maxime C. Cohen & Ngai-Hang Zachary Leung & Kiran Panchamgam & Georgia Perakis & Anthony Smith, 2017. "The Impact of Linear Optimization on Promotion Planning," Operations Research, INFORMS, vol. 65(2), pages 446-468, April.
    12. Fildes, Robert & Ma, Shaohui & Kolassa, Stephan, 2019. "Retail forecasting: research and practice," MPRA Paper 89356, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    13. Abolghasemi, Mahdi & Hurley, Jason & Eshragh, Ali & Fahimnia, Behnam, 2020. "Demand forecasting in the presence of systematic events: Cases in capturing sales promotions," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    14. Huber, Jakob & Stuckenschmidt, Heiner, 2020. "Daily retail demand forecasting using machine learning with emphasis on calendric special days," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 36(4), pages 1420-1438.
    15. Li, W. & Fok, D. & Franses, Ph.H.B.F., 2019. "Forecasting own brand sales: Does incorporating competition help?," Econometric Institute Research Papers EI2019-35, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Erasmus School of Economics (ESE), Econometric Institute.
    16. Fildes, Robert & Goodwin, Paul & Önkal, Dilek, 2019. "Use and misuse of information in supply chain forecasting of promotion effects," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 144-156.
    17. Kusum L. Ailawadi & Bari A. Harlam & Jacques César & David Trounce, 2007. "Practice Prize Report—Quantifying and Improving Promotion Effectiveness at CVS," Marketing Science, INFORMS, vol. 26(4), pages 566-575, 07-08.
    18. Lee G. Cooper & Giovanni Giuffrida, 2000. "Turning Datamining into a Management Science Tool: New Algorithms and Empirical Results," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 46(2), pages 249-264, February.
    19. Lennart Baardman & Maxime C. Cohen & Kiran Panchamgam & Georgia Perakis & Danny Segev, 2019. "Scheduling Promotion Vehicles to Boost Profits," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 65(1), pages 50-70, January.
    20. Huang, Tao & Fildes, Robert & Soopramanien, Didier, 2014. "The value of competitive information in forecasting FMCG retail product sales and the variable selection problem," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 237(2), pages 738-748.
    21. Huang, Tao & Fildes, Robert & Soopramanien, Didier, 2019. "Forecasting retailer product sales in the presence of structural change," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 279(2), pages 459-470.
    22. Wolters, Jannik & Huchzermeier, Arnd, 2021. "Joint In-Season and Out-of-Season Promotion Demand Forecasting in a Retail Environment," Journal of Retailing, Elsevier, vol. 97(4), pages 726-745.
    23. van Donselaar, K.H. & Peters, J. & de Jong, A. & Broekmeulen, R.A.C.M., 2016. "Analysis and forecasting of demand during promotions for perishable items," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 172(C), pages 65-75.
    24. Schlaich, Tim & Hoberg, Kai, 2024. "When is the next order? Nowcasting channel inventories with Point-of-Sales data to predict the timing of retail orders," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 315(1), pages 35-49.

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