IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/idn/journl/v21y2018i2p217-250.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Understanding Indonesia’S Macroeconomic Data: What Do We Know And What Are The Implications?

Author

Listed:
  • Susan Sunila Sharma

    (Deakin Business School)

  • Lutzardo Tobing

    (Bank Indonesia)

  • Prayudhi Azwar

    (Bank Indonesia)

Abstract

Unit root properties of macroeconomic data are important for both econometric modeling and policymaking. The form of variables (whether they are a unit root process) helps determine the correct econometric model. Equally, the form of variables helps explain how they react to shocks (both internal and external). Macroeconomic time-series data are often at the forefront of shock analysis and econometric modeling. There is a growing research emphasis on Indonesia using time-series data; yet, there is limited understanding of the data characteristics and shock response of these data. Using an extensive dataset comprising 33 macroeconomic time-series variables, we provide an informative empirical analysis of unit root properties of this data. We find that, regardless of data frequency, empirical evidence of unit roots is mixed. Some data series respond quickly to shocks while others take more time. Almost all macroeconomic data suffer from structural breaks. We draw implications from these findings.

Suggested Citation

  • Susan Sunila Sharma & Lutzardo Tobing & Prayudhi Azwar, 2018. "Understanding Indonesia’S Macroeconomic Data: What Do We Know And What Are The Implications?," Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking, Bank Indonesia, vol. 21(2), pages 217-250, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:idn:journl:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:217-250
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v21i2.967
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://bulletin.bmeb-bi.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1114&context=bmeb
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/https://doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v21i2.967?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Narayan, Paresh Kumar & Liu, Ruipeng & Westerlund, Joakim, 2016. "A GARCH model for testing market efficiency," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 121-138.
    2. Amir, Hidayat & Asafu-Adjaye, John & Ducpham, Tien, 2013. "The impact of the Indonesian income tax reform: A CGE analysis," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 492-501.
    3. Sowmya, Subramaniam & Prasanna, Krishna, 2018. "Yield curve interactions with the macroeconomic factors during global financial crisis among Asian markets," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 178-192.
    4. Anastassios A. Drakos & Georgios P. Kouretas & Prodromos Vlamis, 2018. "Saving, investment and capital mobility in EU member countries: a panel data analysis of the Feldstein–Horioka puzzle," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(34-35), pages 3798-3811, July.
    5. Christophe Hurlin, 2010. "What would Nelson and Plosser find had they used panel unit root tests?," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 42(12), pages 1515-1531.
    6. Tsangyao Chang & Ming Jing Yang & Hui-Chin Liao & Chia-Hao Lee, 2007. "Hysteresis in unemployment: empirical evidence from Taiwan's region data based on panel unit root tests," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 39(10), pages 1335-1340.
    7. Narayan, Paresh Kumar, 2006. "Examining structural breaks and growth rates in international health expenditures," Journal of Health Economics, Elsevier, vol. 25(5), pages 877-890, September.
    8. Robin L. Lumsdaine & David H. Papell, 1997. "Multiple Trend Breaks And The Unit-Root Hypothesis," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 79(2), pages 212-218, May.
    9. Narayan, Paresh Kumar & Liu, Ruipeng, 2015. "A unit root model for trending time-series energy variables," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(C), pages 391-402.
    10. Paresh Kumar Narayan & Stephan Popp, 2010. "A new unit root test with two structural breaks in level and slope at unknown time," Journal of Applied Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(9), pages 1425-1438.
    11. Narayan, Paresh Kumar & Smyth, Russell, 2007. "Mean reversion versus random walk in G7 stock prices evidence from multiple trend break unit root tests," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 17(2), pages 152-166, April.
    12. Lucas, Andre, 1995. "An outlier robust unit root test with an application to the extended Nelson-Plosser data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 66(1-2), pages 153-173.
    13. Paresh Kumar Narayan, 2008. "Revisiting the US money demand function: an application of the Lagrange multiplier structural break unit root test and the bounds test for a long-run relationship," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(7), pages 897-904.
    14. Junsoo Lee & Mark C. Strazicich, 2003. "Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks," The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT Press, vol. 85(4), pages 1082-1089, November.
    15. Tanuwidjaja, Enrico & Choy, Keen Meng, 2006. "Central bank credibility and monetary policy in Indonesia," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 28(9), pages 1011-1022, December.
    16. Neil Kellard & Denise Osborn & Jerry Coakley & Marcus J. Chambers, 2015. "Testing for a Unit Root in a Near-Integrated Model with Skip-Sampled Data," Journal of Time Series Analysis, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(5), pages 630-649, September.
    17. Yu Hsing, 2012. "Impacts of Macroeconomic Forces and External Shocks on Real Output for Indonesia," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 42(1), pages 97-104, March.
    18. Paresh Kumar Narayan, 2005. "The structure of tourist expenditure in Fiji: evidence from unit root structural break tests," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(10), pages 1157-1161.
    19. Marcus Kappler, 2009. "Do hours worked contain a unit root? Evidence from panel data," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 36(3), pages 531-555, June.
    20. Maslyuk, Svetlana & Smyth, Russell, 2008. "Unit root properties of crude oil spot and futures prices," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(7), pages 2591-2600, July.
    21. Hadiwibowo, Yuniarto & Komatsu, Masaaki, 2011. "Trilemma and macroeconomic policies under different financial structures in Indonesia," Journal of Asian Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(4), pages 302-310, August.
    22. Cavaliere, Giuseppe & Xu, Fang, 2014. "Testing for unit roots in bounded time series," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 178(P2), pages 259-272.
    23. Haiqi Li & Sung Y. Park, 2018. "Testing for a unit root in a nonlinear quantile autoregression framework," Econometric Reviews, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 37(8), pages 867-892, September.
    24. Russell Smyth, 2003. "Unemployment Hysteresis in Australian States and Territories: Evidence from Panel Data Unit Root Tests," Australian Economic Review, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research, vol. 36(2), pages 181-192, June.
    25. Nelson, Charles R. & Plosser, Charles I., 1982. "Trends and random walks in macroeconmic time series : Some evidence and implications," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 10(2), pages 139-162.
    26. Chowdhury, Anup & Uddin, Moshfique & Anderson, Keith, 2018. "Liquidity and macroeconomic management in emerging markets," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 1-24.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Narayan, Paresh Kumar & Liu, Ruipeng, 2011. "Are shocks to commodity prices persistent?," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 88(1), pages 409-416, January.
    2. repec:idn:journl:v:1:y:2019:i:sp1:p:1-26 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. Yaya OlaOluwa S., 2018. "Another Look At The Stationarity Of Inflation Rates In Oecd Countries: Application Of Structural Break-Garch-Based Unit Root Tests," Statistics in Transition New Series, Polish Statistical Association, vol. 19(3), pages 477-493, September.
    4. Yaya, OlaOluwa S & Akinlana, Damola M & Ogbonna, Ahamuefula E, 2017. "Investigating Structural break-GARCH-based Unit root test in US exchange rates," MPRA Paper 88768, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Iman Cheratian & Saleh Goltabar & Luis A. Gil-Alaña, 2023. "The unemployment hysteresis by territory, gender, and age groups in Iran," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 3(2), pages 1-18, February.
    6. Bernard Njindan Iyke, 2019. "A Test Of The Efficiency Of The Foreign Exchange Market In Indonesia," Bulletin of Monetary Economics and Banking, Bank Indonesia, vol. 21(12th BMEB), pages 439-464, January.
    7. Salisu, Afees A. & Adekunle, Wasiu & Alimi, Wasiu A. & Emmanuel, Zachariah, 2019. "Predicting exchange rate with commodity prices: New evidence from Westerlund and Narayan (2015) estimator with structural breaks and asymmetries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 33-56.
    8. Auer, Benjamin R., 2016. "How does Germany's green energy policy affect electricity market volatility? An application of conditional autoregressive range models," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 98(C), pages 621-628.
    9. Olivier Darné & Amélie Charles, 2011. "Large shocks in U.S. macroeconomic time series: 1860-1988," Cliometrica, Journal of Historical Economics and Econometric History, Association Française de Cliométrie (AFC), vol. 5(1), pages 79-100, January.
    10. Schneider, Nicolas & Strielkowski, Wadim, 2023. "Modelling the unit root properties of electricity data—A general note on time-domain applications," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 618(C).
    11. Giorgio Canarella & Rangan Gupta & Stephen M. Miller & Stephen K. Pollard, 2019. "Unemployment rate hysteresis and the great recession: exploring the metropolitan evidence," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 56(1), pages 61-79, January.
    12. Kumar Narayan, Paresh & Narayan, Seema & Popp, Stephan, 2010. "Energy consumption at the state level: The unit root null hypothesis from Australia," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 87(6), pages 1953-1962, June.
    13. Salisu, Afees A. & Raheem, Ibrahim D. & Ndako, Umar B., 2020. "The inflation hedging properties of gold, stocks and real estate: A comparative analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    14. Vinod Mishra & Russell Smyth, 2014. "Unit root properties of natural gas spot and futures prices: The relevance of heteroskedasticity in high frequency data," Monash Economics Working Papers 20-14, Monash University, Department of Economics.
    15. Chien, Mei-Se & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Hu, Te-Chung & Hu, Hui-Ting, 2015. "Dynamic Asian stock market convergence: Evidence from dynamic cointegration analysis among China and ASEAN-5," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 84-98.
    16. Kumar Narayan, Paresh & Smyth, Russell, 2007. "Are shocks to energy consumption permanent or temporary? Evidence from 182 countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(1), pages 333-341, January.
    17. Narayan, Paresh Kumar & Narayan, Seema & Mishra, Sagarika, 2013. "Has the structural break slowed down growth rates of stock markets?," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 30(C), pages 595-601.
    18. Avdoulas, Christos & Bekiros, Stelios & Boubaker, Sabri, 2016. "Detecting nonlinear dependencies in eurozone peripheral equity markets: A multistep filtering approach," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 580-587.
    19. Charles, Amélie & Darné, Olivier, 2012. "Trends and random walks in macroeconomic time series: A reappraisal," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 167-180.
    20. Tolga Omay & Muhammad Shahbaz & Chris Stewart, 2021. "Is there really hysteresis in the OECD unemployment rates? New evidence using a Fourier panel unit root test," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 48(4), pages 875-901, November.
    21. Badri Narayan Rath & Vaseem Akram, 2022. "Popularity of Unit Root Tests - A Review," Asian Economics Letters, Asia-Pacific Applied Economics Association, vol. 2(4), pages 1-5.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Unit root; Macroeconomic data; Structural breaks; Shocks; Econometric Modeling;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C5 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling
    • E1 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - General Aggregative Models

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:idn:journl:v:21:y:2018:i:2:p:217-250. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Lutzardo Tobing The email address of this maintainer does not seem to be valid anymore. Please ask Lutzardo Tobing to update the entry or send us the correct address or Jimmy Kathon (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/bigovid.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.