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Life-Cycle Analysis of Building Retrofits at the Urban Scale—A Case Study in United Arab Emirates

Author

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  • Afshin Afshari

    (Department of Engineering Systems & Management, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 54224, Abu Dhabi, UAE)

  • Christina Nikolopoulou

    (Department of Engineering Systems & Management, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 54224, Abu Dhabi, UAE
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Miguel Martin

    (Department of Engineering Systems & Management, Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 54224, Abu Dhabi, UAE
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

A consensus is forming among experts that the best way to achieve emissions’ reduction in the near and mid-term is increasing the demand-side energy efficiency—this is especially true in developing countries where the potential for demand reduction is significant and achievable at relatively lower cost. Enhanced energy efficiency also reduces energy costs and can result in a financial benefit to end-users, if the life-cycle value of energy savings offsets the upfront cost of implementing the measure. At the same time, reducing energy demand translates into lower pull for fossil fuel import and supply/distribution capacity expansion. An ideal candidate for the implementation of demand-side energy efficiency measures is the building sector, since it contributes to a large extent to the total amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted worldwide. In most developing countries, the contribution of the building sector to the total national GHG emissions is significantly higher than the worldwide average. This is in part due to the lower level of industrial activity. Other drivers of the high emissions of the building sector are the inefficiency of the envelope and technical systems of the existing buildings, as well as harsh climatic conditions requiring the use of energy intensive air-conditioning equipment. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) currently have the highest ecological footprint per capita in the world. The Emirate of Abu Dhabi, the focus of this study, can be expected to have a footprint that is even higher, being the largest economy and the major oil producer among the seven Emirates. In addition to the environmental consequences of unrestrained energy consumption, the fact that energy prices are heavily subsidized in Abu Dhabi results in a significant financial burden for the government. In the UAE and the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, the air-conditioning load in buildings is the ideal target for demand-side management because it constitutes more than 60% of the total energy consumption. However, many sources of uncertainty still remain. How should we assess the life-cycle cost/benefit of candidate demand-side interventions? Which ones to choose in order to maximize national utility? This study will start to answer those questions by using a detailed engineering model of a typical Abu Dhabi building as specified by the Emirate’s Urban Planning Council. Using the model building as a baseline, we then proceed to evaluate the energy impact of different retrofits through numerical simulation. We present a novel Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) for the Emirate of Abu Dhabi focusing exclusively on demand-side measures having an impact on the air-conditioning load. A surprising number of the abatement levers analyzed in this study exhibit a positive net present value (NPV), if the cost-reflective price of electricity is used for the life-cycle assessment.

Suggested Citation

  • Afshin Afshari & Christina Nikolopoulou & Miguel Martin, 2014. "Life-Cycle Analysis of Building Retrofits at the Urban Scale—A Case Study in United Arab Emirates," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 6(1), pages 1-21, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:6:y:2014:i:1:p:453-473:d:32376
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mohammed Redha Qader, 2009. "Electricity Consumption and GHG Emissions in GCC Countries," Energies, MDPI, vol. 2(4), pages 1-13, December.
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    2. Giuseppe Bonazzi & Mattia Iotti, 2016. "Evaluation of Investment in Renovation to Increase the Quality of Buildings: A Specific Discounted Cash Flow ( DCF ) Approach of Appraisal," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(3), pages 1-17, March.
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    4. Afshari, Afshin & Friedrich, Luiz, 2016. "A proposal to introduce tradable energy savings certificates in the emirate of Abu Dhabi," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 55(C), pages 1342-1351.
    5. Mastrucci, Alessio & Marvuglia, Antonino & Leopold, Ulrich & Benetto, Enrico, 2017. "Life Cycle Assessment of building stocks from urban to transnational scales: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 316-332.
    6. Alhamlawi, Fatima & Alaifan, Bader & Azar, Elie, 2021. "A comprehensive assessment of Dubai's green building rating system: Al Sa'fat," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 157(C).
    7. Azar, Elie & Alaifan, Bader & Lin, Min & Trepci, Esra & El Asmar, Mounir, 2021. "Drivers of energy consumption in Kuwaiti buildings: Insights from a hybrid statistical and building performance simulation approach," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    8. Jozef Švajlenka & Mária Kozlovská, 2018. "Houses Based on Wood as an Ecological and Sustainable Housing Alternative—Case Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-20, May.
    9. Yuyang Yu & Jing Li & Zixiang Zhou & Li Zeng & Cheng Zhang, 2019. "Estimation of the Value of Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration Services under Different Scenarios in the Central China (the Qinling-Daba Mountain Area)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-18, December.
    10. Azar, Elie & Nikolopoulou, Christina & Papadopoulos, Sokratis, 2016. "Integrating and optimizing metrics of sustainable building performance using human-focused agent-based modeling," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 926-937.
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