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Comparative Analysis and Optimization of LID Practices for Urban Rainwater Management: Insights from SWMM Modeling and RSM Analysis

Author

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  • Yepeng Mai

    (School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China)

  • Xueliang Ma

    (School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China)

  • Fei Cheng

    (School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China)

  • Yelin Mai

    (Hainan Hualong Tongguling Tourism Holding Co., Ltd., Wenchang 571236, China)

  • Guoru Huang

    (School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
    State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
    Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Salet and Greenization for Water Conservancy Project, Guangzhou 510641, China)

Abstract

Urbanization necessitates Low Impact Development (LID) practices for sustainable development, but existing studies lack analysis about the comprehensive effect and optimal allocation of LID combination practices. To address this gap, this study conducted an in-depth analysis of the runoff control effects of individual and combined LID practices and pollutants under varying retrofit proportions, utilizing the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Four evaluation metrics were employed for parameter calibration and validation assessment to ensure the accuracy of the SWMM. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was then employed to optimize the retrofit proportions of LID practices due to its high efficiency and statistical rigor. The results showed that, under the same retrofit ratio, bio-retention (BC) has a better runoff reduction rate and pollutant removal rate. For example, when the retrofit proportion is 100%, the runoff pollutant removal rates of BC in Parcel 1 and Parcel 2 are 29.6% and 32.9%, respectively. To achieve a 70% runoff control rate, the optimal retrofit proportions for Parcel 1 were 67.5% for green roofs (GR), 92.2% for permeable pavements (PP), 88.9% for bio-retention cells (BC), and 50% for low-elevation greenbelts (LEG); these correspond to the proportions for Parcel 2 that were 65.1%, 68.1%, 82.0%, and 50%, respectively. In conclusion, this study provides scientific and technical support for urban planners and policymakers in urban rainwater management, especially in similar regions.

Suggested Citation

  • Yepeng Mai & Xueliang Ma & Fei Cheng & Yelin Mai & Guoru Huang, 2025. "Comparative Analysis and Optimization of LID Practices for Urban Rainwater Management: Insights from SWMM Modeling and RSM Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-23, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:5:p:2015-:d:1600403
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Amirhossein Nazari & Abbas Roozbahani & Seied Mehdy Hashemy Shahdany, 2023. "Integrated SUSTAIN-SWMM-MCDM Approach for Optimal Selection of LID Practices in Urban Stormwater Systems," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 37(9), pages 3769-3793, July.
    2. Yan Chen & Hao Hou & Yao Li & Luoyang Wang & Jinjin Fan & Ben Wang & Tangao Hu, 2022. "Urban Inundation under Different Rainstorm Scenarios in Lin’an City, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-18, June.
    3. Yongwei Gong & Xiaoning Li & Dandan Zhai & Dingkun Yin & Ruining Song & Junqi Li & Xing Fang & Donghai Yuan, 2018. "Influence of Rainfall, Model Parameters and Routing Methods on Stormwater Modelling," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 32(2), pages 735-750, January.
    4. Heenyun Kim & Gunwoo Kim, 2021. "An Effectiveness Study on the Use of Different Types of LID for Water Cycle Recovery in a Small Catchment," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-16, October.
    5. Jiake Li & Chenning Deng & Huaien Li & Menghua Ma & Yajiao Li, 2018. "Hydrological Environmental Responses of LID and Approach for Rainfall Pattern Selection in Precipitation Data-Lacked Region," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 32(10), pages 3271-3284, August.
    6. Stafford, Madison J. & Holländer, Hartmut M. & Dow, Karen, 2022. "Estimating groundwater recharge in the assiniboine delta aquifer using HYDRUS-1D," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 267(C).
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