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Agricultural Land, Sustainable Food and Crop Productivity: An Empirical Analysis on Environmental Sustainability as a Moderator from the Economy of China

Author

Listed:
  • Fahmida Laghari

    (School of Accounting, Xijing University, 1 Xijing Road, Chang’an District, Xi’an 710123, China)

  • Farhan Ahmed

    (Department of Economics and Management Sciences, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan)

  • Babar Ansari

    (Department of Business Administration, Greenwich University, Karachi 75500, Pakistan)

  • Paulo Jorge Silveira Ferreira

    (Department of Economic and Organizational Sciences, Portalegre Polytechnic University, Praça do Município, 11, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal
    VALORIZA—Research Centre for Endogenous Resource Valorization, 7300-555 Portalegre, Portugal)

Abstract

The availability of agricultural land is central to stimulating reserves in sustainable food and crop production amidst accelerating economic sustainability and growth. Therefore, this article aims to investigate the influence of agricultural land (AGL) on food production (FP) and crop production (CP) with the linkage of environmental sustainability (ES) as a moderator from 1990 to 2021 for the economy of China with the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing estimation model. Our findings showed that the ARDL model estimates the long-term and short-term joint matching relationships between agricultural land and the independent variables in the model, which is a statistically significant outcome. Therefore, in the long term, the food and crop production adjustment for speed to steadiness was huge as it was projected at 1.337%, 53.6%, 133.5%, and 37.4%, respectively, in all the models, which shows that the adjustment for speed of models is a good post-shock association process. We found evidence for a significant and positive relationship between agricultural land and food and crop production in ordinary least square (OLS) estimation, which also ensured the outcomes of the primary model. Furthermore, Toda–Yamamoto Granger causality test estimation found reverse causality between food production (FP) and crop production (CP) and showed evidence of the conservation hypothesis. We found bidirectional causality between food production and agricultural land and between crop production and agricultural land, which shows evidence of the feedback hypothesis. Additionally, the empirical findings of a robustness check with fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) techniques showed consistency with the investigations of ARDL estimation in the long run, ensuring the validity and strength of the primary outcomes. Overall, the present paper brings fresh knowledge about agricultural land use, and food and crop production to promote environmental sustainability.

Suggested Citation

  • Fahmida Laghari & Farhan Ahmed & Babar Ansari & Paulo Jorge Silveira Ferreira, 2025. "Agricultural Land, Sustainable Food and Crop Productivity: An Empirical Analysis on Environmental Sustainability as a Moderator from the Economy of China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-41, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:5:p:1980-:d:1599569
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