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Interactive Suitability of Rice Stubble Biochar and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Improving Wastewater-Polluted Soil Health and Reducing Heavy Metals in Peas

Author

Listed:
  • Muniba Farhad

    (Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Maryam Noor

    (Government General Hospital, Ghulam Muhammad Abad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Zubair Yasin

    (Department of Emergency, Aziz Fatimah Hospital, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Mohsin Hussain Nizamani

    (Combined Military Hospital Institute of Medical Sciences, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan)

  • Veysel Turan

    (Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Bingöl University, Bingöl 12000, Türkiye)

  • Muhammad Iqbal

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

Abstract

Arable soils irrigated with wastewater (SIWs) cause ecological and human health issues due to the presence of heavy metals (HMs). Burning rice stubble (RS) poses severe environmental and human health hazards. Converting RS into rice stubble compost (RSC) and rice stubble biochar (RSB) can overcome these issues. Here, we considered the role of RS, RSC, and RSB as individual soil amendments and combined each of them with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) to observe their effectiveness for HM immobilization in SIW, their uptake in pea plants, and improvements in the physicochemical properties of soil. The results revealed that adding RSB and AMF reduced the bioavailable concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Co, and Zn in SIW by 35%, 50%, 43%, 43%, 52%, and 22%, respectively. Moreover, RSB+AMF treatment also reduced Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Co, and Zn concentrations in grain by 93%, 76%, 83%, 72%, 71%, and 57%, respectively, compared to the control. Improvements in shoot dry weight (DW) (66%), root DW (48%), and grain yield (56%) per pot were also the highest with RSB+AMF. RSB+AMF treatment enhanced soil health and other soil attributes by improving the activity of urease, catalase, peroxidase, phosphatase, β-glucosidase, and fluorescein diacetate by 78%, 156%, 62%, 123%, 235%, and 96%, respectively. Interestingly, RSB+AMF also led to the strongest AMF–plant symbiosis, as assessed by improved AMF root colonization (162%), mycorrhizal intensity (100%), mycorrhizal frequency (104%), and arbuscular abundance (143%). To conclude, converting RS into RSB can control air pollution caused by RS burning. Moreover, adding RSB with AMF to SIW can reduce HM uptake in plants, improve soil health, and thus minimize ecological and human health issues.

Suggested Citation

  • Muniba Farhad & Maryam Noor & Muhammad Zubair Yasin & Mohsin Hussain Nizamani & Veysel Turan & Muhammad Iqbal, 2024. "Interactive Suitability of Rice Stubble Biochar and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Improving Wastewater-Polluted Soil Health and Reducing Heavy Metals in Peas," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-18, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:2:p:634-:d:1317082
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mulyadi & Ligeng Jiang, 2023. "Combined Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Nitrogen Fertilizer Alters the Physicochemical Soil Properties, Nitrogen Uptake, and Rice Yield in a Polybag Experiment," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-16, July.
    2. Shakeel Ahmad Bhat & Alban Kuriqi & Mehraj U. Din Dar & Owais Bhat & Saad Sh. Sammen & Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul Islam & Ahmed Elbeltagi & Owais Shah & Nadhir AI-Ansari & Rawshan Ali & Salim Heddam, 2022. "Application of Biochar for Improving Physical, Chemical, and Hydrological Soil Properties: A Systematic Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-16, September.
    3. Nicholas Blenis & Nguyen Hue & Tai McClellan Maaz & Michael Kantar, 2023. "Biochar Production, Modification, and Its Uses in Soil Remediation: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-15, February.
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    1. Xi, Min & Xu, Youzun & Zhou, Yongjin & Wu, Chenyang & Tu, Debao & Li, Zhong & Sun, Xueyuan & Wu, Wenge, 2024. "Energy use and carbon footprint in response to the transition from indica rice to japonica rice cropping systems in China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 299(C).

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