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Genotoxicity of Synthetic Food Colors on Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria in Agricultural Lands Irrigated with Wastewater of Corresponding Industries

Author

Listed:
  • Arooba John

    (Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Luqman

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Sohaib Muhammad

    (Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Uzma Hanif

    (Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Andleeb Anwar Sardar

    (Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Shaukat Ali

    (Department of Zoology, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Ali Hasnain

    (Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Matiba Tufail

    (Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Zafar Iqbal Khan

    (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain

    (Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain)

  • Binyameen

    (Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Naveed Anjum

    (Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Amna Ejaz

    (Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Shahzad Chaudhry

    (Department of Statistics, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

  • Hsi-Hsien Yang

    (Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 413310, Taiwan)

  • Muhammad Umer Farooq Awan

    (Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan)

Abstract

Food colors are considered the most important component of foodstuff for enhancing the aesthetic appeal of the products. The rapid increase in population raised the demand for food materials, while wastewater from as-related processing industries is used for irrigation. This study was conducted to examine the genotoxicity of industrial wastewater on the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Three predominantly used synthetic food colors, including Azorubine E-122, Tartrazine E-102 and Allura Red AC E-129, were used during this project. Rhizobacteria were isolated from agricultural soils and treated with various concentrations of Azorubine E-122, Tartrazine E-102 and Allura red E-129 for a 24 and 48 h duration. DNA extraction and quantification were performed through a modified CTAB method, spectrophotometry and agarose gel electrophoresis. A comet assay was used to check DNA damage. According to the results, all the food colors had caused significant damage to DNA depending upon the concentration and exposure time. The extent of DNA damage caused by Azorubine E-122 was relatively greater compared with the other colors, so the fragmentation rate of 86% and 92% was obtained at 1.25% concentration for 24 and 48 h, respectively. The current results have revealed the devastation capacity of food colors by accelerating distortion risk to soil micro-flora, hence the fertility of the soil.

Suggested Citation

  • Arooba John & Muhammad Luqman & Sohaib Muhammad & Uzma Hanif & Andleeb Anwar Sardar & Shaukat Ali & Ali Hasnain & Matiba Tufail & Zafar Iqbal Khan & Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain & Binyameen & Muhammad Na, 2023. "Genotoxicity of Synthetic Food Colors on Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria in Agricultural Lands Irrigated with Wastewater of Corresponding Industries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-13, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:4:p:2897-:d:1059007
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Anirban Basu & Priyanka Prasad & Subha Narayan Das & Sadaf Kalam & R. Z. Sayyed & M. S. Reddy & Hesham El Enshasy, 2021. "Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) as Green Bioinoculants: Recent Developments, Constraints, and Prospects," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-20, January.
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