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Water Use Efficiency and Economic Evaluation of the Hydroponic versus Conventional Cultivation Systems for Green Fodder Production in Saudi Arabia

Author

Listed:
  • Nagat Ahmed Elmulthum

    (Department of Agribusiness and Consumer sciences, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Alhasa 31982, Saudi Arabia)

  • Faisal Ibrahim Zeineldin

    (Water Studies Centre, King Faisal University, Alhasa 31982, Saudi Arabia)

  • Suliman Ali Al-Khateeb

    (Department of Environment and Natural Resources, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Alhasa 31982, Saudi Arabia)

  • Khalid Mohammed Al-Barrak

    (Department of Environment and Natural Resources, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Alhasa 31982, Saudi Arabia)

  • Tagelsir Ahmed Mohammed

    (Department of Animal Husbandry and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine King Faisal University, Alhasa 31982, Saudi Arabia)

  • Muhammad Naeem Sattar

    (Central Laboratories, King Faisal University, Alhasa 31982, Saudi Arabia)

  • Akbar S. Mohmand

    (Research Innovation and Commercialization (ORIC), Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, KP, Pakistan)

Abstract

The current study is aimed to assess water use efficiency and evaluate economic viability of hydroponic and conventional production of barley green fodder by keeping in view the water scarcity challenges in Saudi Arabia. A hydroponic system and open field experimental plot was used to evaluate the water use efficiency for different irrigation regimes. Economic indicators for both production systems are estimated and compared to accomplish economic assessment. Estimated indicators include returns from inputs and net profit; benefit-cost ratio; break-even levels of prices, production, and yield; returns over variable cost; and returns on investment. Results indicated that the yield of barley green fodder produced under hydroponic conditions overtopped the yield under conventional cultivation. Under hydroponic and conventional conditions, WUE was decreased with increasing the harvesting date. However, WUE for the hydroponic technique was much higher than the conventional one. The returns and net profits supported the conventional cultivation methods, where lower dry matter content coupled with higher fixed and variable costs incurred by the hydroponic technique outweighed returns leading to economic loss. Cost-benefit ratios, returns over investment, and break-even prices and yield suggested that growing barley fodder under the hydroponic technique is economically not suitable for small-scale farming. However, regarding water conservation, hydroponic barley cultivation showed superiority over conventional field cultivation. Further research on the adoption of hydroponic fodder cultivation is highly recommended for water-scarce arid regions, such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Suggested Citation

  • Nagat Ahmed Elmulthum & Faisal Ibrahim Zeineldin & Suliman Ali Al-Khateeb & Khalid Mohammed Al-Barrak & Tagelsir Ahmed Mohammed & Muhammad Naeem Sattar & Akbar S. Mohmand, 2023. "Water Use Efficiency and Economic Evaluation of the Hydroponic versus Conventional Cultivation Systems for Green Fodder Production in Saudi Arabia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-13, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:1:p:822-:d:1023094
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mahmoud, Shereif H. & Gan, Thian Yew, 2019. "Irrigation water management in arid regions of Middle East: Assessing spatio-temporal variation of actual evapotranspiration through remote sensing techniques and meteorological data," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 35-47.
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