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Breaking Triopoly to Achieve Sustainable Smart Digital Infrastructure Based on Open-Source Diffusion Using Government–Platform–User Evolutionary Game

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  • Tao Li

    (School of Intellectual Property, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210094, China
    Centre for Innovation and Development, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
    School of Business, Xianda College of Economics & Humanities Shanghai International Studies University, No. 390 Dong Tiyuhui Rd., Hongkou District, Shanghai 200083, China)

  • Junlin Zhu

    (School of Intellectual Property, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210094, China
    Centre for Innovation and Development, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China)

  • Jianqiang Luo

    (School of Management, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xue Fu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, China)

  • Chaonan Yi

    (School of Intellectual Property, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210094, China
    Centre for Innovation and Development, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China)

  • Baoqing Zhu

    (School of Intellectual Property, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, No. 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210094, China
    Centre for Innovation and Development, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China)

Abstract

Technological innovations, including the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning, have facilitated the emergence of autonomous systems, promoting triple bottom line (TBL) sustainability. However, the prevalent triopoly of Android, iOS, and Windows introduces substantial obstacles for smart device manufacturers in pursuit of independent innovation. This research endeavors to elucidate how open-source operating systems can counteract this triopoly and catalyze sustainable digital development. Utilizing evolutionary game theory, we scrutinize the interplay among governments, platforms, and users in championing open-source diffusion. Our analysis unveils two potent evolutionary strategies—incentivized engagement and disengagement—that notably expedite open-source diffusion and attenuate software supply chain risks affiliated with the Android–iOS–Windows triopoly (results). Consequently, this research highlights the critical role of augmenting stakeholder collaboration and bolstering platform reputation in propelling open-source diffusion, thereby providing valuable theoretical insights and practical guidance for the sustainable advancement of smart digital infrastructure.

Suggested Citation

  • Tao Li & Junlin Zhu & Jianqiang Luo & Chaonan Yi & Baoqing Zhu, 2023. "Breaking Triopoly to Achieve Sustainable Smart Digital Infrastructure Based on Open-Source Diffusion Using Government–Platform–User Evolutionary Game," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-24, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:19:p:14412-:d:1252188
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