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Sustainable Use of Treated Municipal Wastewater after Chlorination: Short-Term Effects on Crops and Soils

Author

Listed:
  • Demetrio Antonio Zema

    (Department “AGRARIA”, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, I-89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy)

  • Bruno Gianmarco Carrà

    (Department “AGRARIA”, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, I-89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy)

  • Agostino Sorgonà

    (Department “AGRARIA”, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, I-89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy)

  • Antonino Zumbo

    (Department “AGRARIA”, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, I-89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy)

  • Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja

    (Department of Agroforestry Technology, Science and Genetics, School of Advanced Agricultural and Forestry Engineering, Castilla La Mancha University, Campus Universitario s/n, E-02071 Albacete, Spain)

  • Isabel Miralles

    (Department of Agronomy, Center for Intensive Mediterranean Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, E-04120 Almeria, Spain)

  • Raúl Ortega

    (Department of Agronomy, Center for Intensive Mediterranean Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, E-04120 Almeria, Spain)

  • Rocío Soria

    (Department of Agronomy, Center for Intensive Mediterranean Agrosystems and Agrifood Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, E-04120 Almeria, Spain)

  • Santo Marcello Zimbone

    (Department “AGRARIA”, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, I-89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy)

  • Paolo Salvatore Calabrò

    (Department of Civil, Energy, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Via Zehender, Località Feo di Vito, I-89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy)

Abstract

Due to the scarcity of fresh water for crop irrigation in semi-arid areas, sustainable use of treated municipal wastewater is essential. Chlorine for wastewater disinfection added in wastewater treatment plants may be toxic for crops and can degrade cultivated soils. This study evaluates the crop and soil response to irrigation with treated municipal wastewater (with or without chlorination) in comparison to clear water. Small plants of tomato and cabbage and young bergamot trees were irrigated in pots throughout two months. The use of chlorinated or non-chlorinated wastewater did not significantly change biomass growth, morphological parameters and the efficiency of energy transfer. Significant reductions (40–50%) in the stem diameter of tomato and bergamot plants and differences (−25% to 53%) in all physiological parameters were measured for tomato immediately after the irrigation start. A decrease (−55%) in stomatal conductance and transpiration rate together with an increase (+80%) in water use efficiency were also recorded in bergamot after 30 days of irrigation. This type of irrigation water did not induce significant changes in soil properties, except for a decrease in pH (−20%) in bergamot soils after the irrigation start and in electric conductivity (EC, −40%) at the end of the irrigation period for all species. Irrigation of plants with chlorinated wastewater increased the weight of the fresh biomass (+56%) of leaves and the stem diameter (−60%) of tomato and decreased water use efficiency (+67%) in bergamot after the irrigation start. After two months, decreases in stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in cabbage (over 50%) and increases in water use efficiency in cabbage and bergamot (by 40% and 70%, respectively) were evident. Among the studied soil properties, land application of chlorinated wastewater only reduced electrical conductivity (−47%). Overall, this study demonstrated that the use of treated municipal wastewater (with or without chlorination) does not have detrimental impacts on both plant growth (at least for tomato, cabbage and bergamot) and soil health in the short term.

Suggested Citation

  • Demetrio Antonio Zema & Bruno Gianmarco Carrà & Agostino Sorgonà & Antonino Zumbo & Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja & Isabel Miralles & Raúl Ortega & Rocío Soria & Santo Marcello Zimbone & Paolo Salvatore , 2023. "Sustainable Use of Treated Municipal Wastewater after Chlorination: Short-Term Effects on Crops and Soils," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-23, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:15:p:11801-:d:1207776
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Zema, Demetrio Antonio & Bombino, Giuseppe & Andiloro, Serafina & Zimbone, Santo Marcello, 2012. "Irrigation of energy crops with urban wastewater: Effects on biomass yields, soils and heating values," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 115(C), pages 55-65.
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