IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v14y2022i9p5401-d806290.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A Battery-Free Sustainable Powertrain Solution for Hydrogen Fuel Cell City Transit Bus Application

Author

Listed:
  • Giuseppe Fabri

    (Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L’Aquila, Via Gronchi, 18, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy)

  • Antonio Ometto

    (Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L’Aquila, Via Gronchi, 18, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy)

  • Marco Villani

    (Department of Industrial and Information Engineering and Economics, University of L’Aquila, Via Gronchi, 18, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy)

  • Gino D’Ovidio

    (Department of Civil, Construction-Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of L’Aquila, Via Gronchi, 18, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy)

Abstract

The paper presents a sustainable electric powertrain for a transit city bus featuring an electrochemical battery-free power unit consisting of a hydrogen fuel cell stack and a kinetic energy storage system based on high-speed flywheels. A rare-earth free high-efficiency motor technology is adopted to pursue a more sustainable vehicle architecture by limiting the use of critical raw materials. A suitable dynamic energetic model of the full vehicle powertrain has been developed to investigate the feasibility of the traction system and the related energy management control strategy. The model includes losses characterisation, as a function of the load, of the main components of the powertrain by using experimental tests and literature data. The performance of the proposed solution is evaluated by simulating a vehicle mission on an urban path in real traffic conditions. Considerations about the effectiveness of the traction system are discussed.

Suggested Citation

  • Giuseppe Fabri & Antonio Ometto & Marco Villani & Gino D’Ovidio, 2022. "A Battery-Free Sustainable Powertrain Solution for Hydrogen Fuel Cell City Transit Bus Application," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-16, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:9:p:5401-:d:806290
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/9/5401/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/9/5401/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Aldo Canova & Federico Campanelli & Michele Quercio, 2022. "Flywheel Energy Storage System in Italian Regional Transport Railways: A Case Study," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-15, February.
    2. Ren, Guizhou & Ma, Guoqing & Cong, Ning, 2015. "Review of electrical energy storage system for vehicular applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 225-236.
    3. Mohamed Nabil Fathy Ibrahim & Peter Sergeant & Essam Rashad, 2016. "Simple Design Approach for Low Torque Ripple and High Output Torque Synchronous Reluctance Motors," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-14, November.
    4. Andrea Credo & Marco Tursini & Marco Villani & Claudia Di Lodovico & Michele Orlando & Federico Frattari, 2021. "Axial Flux PM In-Wheel Motor for Electric Vehicles: 3D Multiphysics Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-18, April.
    5. Jiansong Li & Jiyun Zhao & Xiaochun Zhang, 2020. "A Novel Energy Recovery System Integrating Flywheel and Flow Regeneration for a Hydraulic Excavator Boom System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-25, January.
    6. Noshin Omar & Mohamed Daowd & Omar Hegazy & Grietus Mulder & Jean-Marc Timmermans & Thierry Coosemans & Peter Van den Bossche & Joeri Van Mierlo, 2012. "Standardization Work for BEV and HEV Applications: Critical Appraisal of Recent Traction Battery Documents," Energies, MDPI, vol. 5(1), pages 1-19, January.
    7. Magnus Hedlund & Johan Lundin & Juan De Santiago & Johan Abrahamsson & Hans Bernhoff, 2015. "Flywheel Energy Storage for Automotive Applications," Energies, MDPI, vol. 8(10), pages 1-28, September.
    8. Gino D’Ovidio & Antonio Ometto & Carlo Villante, 2020. "A Novel Optimal Power Control for a City Transit Hybrid Bus Equipped with a Partitioned Hydrogen Fuel Cell Stack," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-15, May.
    9. Michel Noussan & Pier Paolo Raimondi & Rossana Scita & Manfred Hafner, 2020. "The Role of Green and Blue Hydrogen in the Energy Transition—A Technological and Geopolitical Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(1), pages 1-26, December.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Hoque, M.M. & Hannan, M.A. & Mohamed, A. & Ayob, A., 2017. "Battery charge equalization controller in electric vehicle applications: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 1363-1385.
    2. Bai, Shengxi & Liu, Chunhua, 2021. "Overview of energy harvesting and emission reduction technologies in hybrid electric vehicles," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    3. Hannan, M.A. & Hoque, M.M. & Mohamed, A. & Ayob, A., 2017. "Review of energy storage systems for electric vehicle applications: Issues and challenges," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 69(C), pages 771-789.
    4. Omar, Noshin & Monem, Mohamed Abdel & Firouz, Yousef & Salminen, Justin & Smekens, Jelle & Hegazy, Omar & Gaulous, Hamid & Mulder, Grietus & Van den Bossche, Peter & Coosemans, Thierry & Van Mierlo, J, 2014. "Lithium iron phosphate based battery – Assessment of the aging parameters and development of cycle life model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 1575-1585.
    5. Muhammad Zeeshan Malik & Haoyong Chen & Muhammad Shahzad Nazir & Irfan Ahmad Khan & Ahmed N. Abdalla & Amjad Ali & Wan Chen, 2020. "A New Efficient Step-Up Boost Converter with CLD Cell for Electric Vehicle and New Energy Systems," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-14, April.
    6. Alexandros Nikolian & Yousef Firouz & Rahul Gopalakrishnan & Jean-Marc Timmermans & Noshin Omar & Peter Van den Bossche & Joeri Van Mierlo, 2016. "Lithium Ion Batteries—Development of Advanced Electrical Equivalent Circuit Models for Nickel Manganese Cobalt Lithium-Ion," Energies, MDPI, vol. 9(5), pages 1-23, May.
    7. Das, Himadry Shekhar & Tan, Chee Wei & Yatim, A.H.M., 2017. "Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles: A review on power conditioning units and topologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 268-291.
    8. Akihisa Hattori & Toshihiko Noguchi & Hiromu Kamiyama, 2022. "High-Torque Density Design of Small Motors for Automotive Applications with Double Axial-Air-Gap Structures," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(19), pages 1-20, October.
    9. Hamidreza Heidari & Anton Rassõlkin & Ants Kallaste & Toomas Vaimann & Ekaterina Andriushchenko & Anouar Belahcen & Dmitry V. Lukichev, 2021. "A Review of Synchronous Reluctance Motor-Drive Advancements," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-37, January.
    10. Wang, Bin & Xu, Jun & Cao, Binggang & Ning, Bo, 2017. "Adaptive mode switch strategy based on simulated annealing optimization of a multi-mode hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicles," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 194(C), pages 596-608.
    11. Bizon, Nicu, 2019. "Efficient fuel economy strategies for the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems under variable renewable/load power profile," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 251(C), pages 1-1.
    12. Bizon, Nicu, 2019. "Hybrid power sources (HPSs) for space applications: Analysis of PEMFC/Battery/SMES HPS under unknown load containing pulses," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 14-37.
    13. Jiansong Li & Jiyun Zhao & Xiaochun Zhang, 2020. "A Novel Energy Recovery System Integrating Flywheel and Flow Regeneration for a Hydraulic Excavator Boom System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-25, January.
    14. Li, Hai & Zheng, Peng & Zhang, Tingsheng & Zou, Yingquan & Pan, Yajia & Zhang, Zutao & Azam, Ali, 2021. "A high-efficiency energy regenerative shock absorber for powering auxiliary devices of new energy driverless buses," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 295(C).
    15. Brenda Rojas-Delgado & Monica Alonso & Hortensia Amaris & Juan de Santiago, 2019. "Wave Power Output Smoothing through the Use of a High-Speed Kinetic Buffer," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-28, June.
    16. Joni Dewanto & Oegik Soegihardjo, 2020. "Organizing Decision-Making Support System Based Multi-Dimensional Analysis of the Educational Process Data," Journal of ICT, Design, Engineering and Technological Science, Juhriyansyah Dalle, vol. 4(1), pages 6-11.
    17. M׳boungui, G. & Adendorff, K. & Naidoo, R. & Jimoh, A.A. & Okojie, D.E., 2015. "A hybrid piezoelectric micro-power generator for use in low power applications," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 1136-1144.
    18. Yunesky Masip Macía & Pablo Rodríguez Machuca & Angel Alexander Rodríguez Soto & Roberto Carmona Campos, 2021. "Green Hydrogen Value Chain in the Sustainability for Port Operations: Case Study in the Region of Valparaiso, Chile," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-17, December.
    19. Jingna Kou & Wei Li & Rui Zhang & Dingxiong Shi, 2023. "Hydrogen as a Transition Tool in a Fossil Fuel Resource Region: Taking China’s Coal Capital Shanxi as an Example," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-19, August.
    20. Moez Krichen & Yasir Basheer & Saeed Mian Qaisar & Asad Waqar, 2023. "A Survey on Energy Storage: Techniques and Challenges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-29, February.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:9:p:5401-:d:806290. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.