IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v14y2022i22p15022-d971742.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

A Review on the Effect of Metakaolin on the Chloride Binding of Concrete, Mortar, and Paste Specimens

Author

Listed:
  • Reza Homayoonmehr

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran)

  • Ali Akbar Ramezanianpour

    (Concrete Technology and Durability Research Center (CTDRc), Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran)

  • Faramarz Moodi

    (Concrete Technology and Durability Research Center (CTDRc), Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran 1591634311, Iran)

  • Amir Mohammad Ramezanianpour

    (School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 111554563, Iran)

  • Juan Pablo Gevaudan

    (Department of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA)

Abstract

Chloride binding is a complex phenomenon in which the chloride ions bind with hydrated Portland cement (PC) phases via physical and chemical mechanisms. However, the current utilization of clays as (Al)-rich supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as metakaolin (MK), can affect the chloride-binding capacity of these concrete materials. This state-of-the-art review discusses the effect of clay-based SCMs on physical and chemical chloride binding with an emphasis on MK as a high-reactivity clay-based SCM. Furthermore, the potential mechanisms playing a role in physical and chemical binding and the MK effect on the hydrated cement products before and after exposure to chloride ions are discussed. Recent findings have portrayed competing properties of how MK limits the physical chloride-binding capacity of MK-supplemented concrete. The use of MK has been found to increase the calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) content and its aluminum to silicon (Al/Si) ratio, but to reduce the calcium to silicon (Ca/Si) ratio, which reduces the physical chloride-binding capacity of PC-clay blended cements, such as limestone calcined clay cements (LC3). By contrast, the influence of MK on the chemical chloride capacity is significant since it increases the formation of Friedel’s salt due to an increased concentration of Al during the hydration of Portland cement grains. Recent research has found an optimum aluminum to calcium (Al/Ca) ratio range, of approximately 3 to 7, for maximizing the chemical binding of chlorides. This literature review highlights the optimal Al content for maximizing chloride binding, which reveals a theoretical limit for calcined clay addition to supplementary cementitious materials and LC3 formulations. Results show that 5–25% of replacements increase bound chloride; however, with a higher percentage of replacements, fresh and hardened state properties play a more pivotal role. Lastly, the practical application of four binding isotherms is discussed with the Freundlich isotherm found to be the most accurate in predicting the correlation between free and bound chlorides. This review discusses the effects of important cement chemistry parameters, such as cation type, sulfate presence, carbonation, chloride concentration, temperature, and applied electrical fields on the chloride binding of MK-containing concretes—important for the durable formulation of LC3.

Suggested Citation

  • Reza Homayoonmehr & Ali Akbar Ramezanianpour & Faramarz Moodi & Amir Mohammad Ramezanianpour & Juan Pablo Gevaudan, 2022. "A Review on the Effect of Metakaolin on the Chloride Binding of Concrete, Mortar, and Paste Specimens," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-21, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:22:p:15022-:d:971742
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/22/15022/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/22/15022/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. G. P. Peters & R. M. Andrew & J. G. Canadell & P. Friedlingstein & R. B. Jackson & J. I. Korsbakken & C. Quéré & A. Peregon, 2020. "Carbon dioxide emissions continue to grow amidst slowly emerging climate policies," Nature Climate Change, Nature, vol. 10(1), pages 3-6, January.
    2. Mohammadamin Mirdarsoltany & Alireza Rahai & Farzad Hatami & Reza Homayoonmehr & Farid Abed, 2021. "Investigating Tensile Behavior of Sustainable Basalt–Carbon, Basalt–Steel, and Basalt–Steel-Wire Hybrid Composite Bars," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-13, September.
    3. Mohammadamin Mirdarsoltany & Farid Abed & Reza Homayoonmehr & Seyed Vahid Alavi Nezhad Khalil Abad, 2022. "A Comprehensive Review of the Effects of Different Simulated Environmental Conditions and Hybridization Processes on the Mechanical Behavior of Different FRP Bars," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-20, July.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Noor Md. Sadiqul Hasan & Nur Mohammad Nazmus Shaurdho & Md. Habibur Rahman Sobuz & Md. Montaseer Meraz & Md. Saidul Islam & Md Jihad Miah, 2023. "Utilization of Waste Glass Cullet as Partial Substitutions of Coarse Aggregate to Produce Eco-Friendly Concrete: Role of Metakaolin as Cement Replacement," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-26, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Ayomikun Bello & Anastasia Ivanova & Alexey Cheremisin, 2023. "A Comprehensive Review of the Role of CO 2 Foam EOR in the Reduction of Carbon Footprint in the Petroleum Industry," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-20, January.
    2. Yongxiang Cui & Jiafei Jiang & Tengfei Fu & Sifeng Liu, 2022. "Feasibility of using Waste Brine/Seawater and Sea Sand for the Production of Concrete: An Experimental Investigation from Mechanical Properties and Durability Perspectives," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-21, October.
    3. Ángel Galán-Martín & Daniel Vázquez & Selene Cobo & Niall Dowell & José Antonio Caballero & Gonzalo Guillén-Gosálbez, 2021. "Delaying carbon dioxide removal in the European Union puts climate targets at risk," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 12(1), pages 1-12, December.
    4. Masood S. Alivand & Omid Mazaheri & Yue Wu & Ali Zavabeti & Andrew J. Christofferson & Nastaran Meftahi & Salvy P. Russo & Geoffrey W. Stevens & Colin A. Scholes & Kathryn A. Mumford, 2022. "Engineered assembly of water-dispersible nanocatalysts enables low-cost and green CO2 capture," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-11, December.
    5. Kemfert, Claudia & Präger, Fabian & Braunger, Isabell & Hoffart, Franziska M. & Brauers, Hanna, 2022. "The expansion of natural gas infrastructure puts energy transitions at risk," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 7, pages 582-587.
    6. Zhang, Hongji & Ding, Tao & Sun, Yuge & Huang, Yuhan & He, Yuankang & Huang, Can & Li, Fangxing & Xue, Chen & Sun, Xiaoqiang, 2023. "How does load-side re-electrification help carbon neutrality in energy systems: Cost competitiveness analysis and life-cycle deduction," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    7. Pantelitsa Loizia & Irene Voukkali & Georgia Chatziparaskeva & Jose Navarro-Pedreño & Antonis A. Zorpas, 2021. "Measuring the Level of Environmental Performance on Coastal Environment before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study from Cyprus," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(5), pages 1-24, February.
    8. Pedro Macedo & Mara Madaleno, 2022. "Global Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Nexus: Evidence from a Maximum Entropy Approach," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-13, December.
    9. Francesca Diluiso & Barbara Annicchiarico & Matthias Kalkuhl & Jan C. Minx, 2020. "Climate Actions and Stranded Assets: The Role of Financial Regulation and Monetary Policy," CESifo Working Paper Series 8486, CESifo.
    10. Xiuqin Zhang & Xudong Shi & Yasir Khan & Majid Khan & Saba Naz & Taimoor Hassan & Chenchen Wu & Tahir Rahman, 2023. "The Impact of Energy Intensity, Energy Productivity and Natural Resource Rents on Carbon Emissions in Morocco," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-22, April.
    11. Diluiso, Francesca & Annicchiarico, Barbara & Kalkuhl, Matthias & Minx, Jan C., 2021. "Climate actions and macro-financial stability: The role of central banks," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Elsevier, vol. 110(C).
    12. Wang, Changjian & Miao, Zhuang & Chen, Xiaodong & Cheng, Yu, 2021. "Factors affecting changes of greenhouse gas emissions in Belt and Road countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 147(C).
    13. Jinho Boo & Eun Hee Ko & No-Kuk Park & Changkook Ryu & Yo-Han Kim & Jinmo Park & Dohyung Kang, 2021. "Methane Pyrolysis in Molten Potassium Chloride: An Experimental and Economic Analysis," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-15, December.
    14. He Gao & Shaohua Wang & Miaomiao Hao & Wei Shao & Shuhui Zhang & Lei Zhang & Xiaohan Ren, 2023. "CO 2 Adsorption Performance of Activated Coke Prepared from Biomass and Coal," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-21, May.
    15. Diosey Ramon Lugo-Morin, 2021. "Global Future: Low-Carbon Economy or High-Carbon Economy?," World, MDPI, vol. 2(2), pages 1-19, April.
    16. Khan, Zaid Ashiq & Koondhar, Mansoor Ahmed & Tiantong, Ma & Khan, Aftab & Nurgazina, Zhanar & Tianjun, Liu & Fengwang, Ma, 2022. "Do chemical fertilizers, area under greenhouses, and renewable energies drive agricultural economic growth owing the targets of carbon neutrality in China?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
    17. Shawn Olson Hazboun & Hilary Schaffer Boudet, 2020. "Public Preferences in a Shifting Energy Future: Comparing Public Views of Eight Energy Sources in North America’s Pacific Northwest," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(8), pages 1-21, April.
    18. Vajjarapu, Harsha & Verma, Ashish, 2022. "Understanding the mitigation potential of sustainable urban transport measures across income and gender groups," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 102(C).
    19. Svetlana Ivanova & Anna Vesnina & Nataly Fotina & Alexander Prosekov, 2022. "An Overview of Carbon Footprint of Coal Mining to Curtail Greenhouse Gas Emissions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-22, November.
    20. Xiang, Yitian & Cui, Haotian & Bi, Yunxiao, 2023. "The impact and channel effects of banking competition and government intervention on carbon emissions: Evidence from China," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 175(C).

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:22:p:15022-:d:971742. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.