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PERMA Model of Well-Being Applied to Portuguese Senior Tourists: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Author

Listed:
  • José Mendes

    (School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal)

  • Teresa Medeiros

    (School of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal)

  • Osvaldo Silva

    (Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences—Campus of the University of Azores (CICS.NOVA.UAc), University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal)

  • Licínio Tomás

    (Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences—Campus of the University of Azores (CICS.NOVA.UAc), University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal)

  • Luís Silva

    (Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (InBIO), Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO), School of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal)

  • Joaquim A. Ferreira

    (Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioral Intervention (CINEICC), Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal)

Abstract

Tourism has been affirmed as an activity that promotes health and well-being. The present study aims to present a confirmatory analysis of the PERMA model in a sample of Portuguese senior tourists who visited the island of São Miguel (Azores). After approval of the study by the ethics committee (reference 6/2022), a Sociodemographic Questionnaire, PERMA Profiler, and Life Satisfaction Scale—SWLS were applied to 1083 senior tourists (≥55 years) of various nationalities. To evaluate the PERMA model for senior tourism in Portugal, a total of 434 senior tourists of Portuguese nationality were extracted from the sample. The results revealed that most of the participants attributed scores above the midpoint in the five dimensions of PERMA (positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, accomplishment) and in the satisfaction with life scale. Using scale reliability analyses, we found that some of the dimensions in the PERMA model showed relatively low values both for Cronbach alpha and composite reliability. Several confirmatory structural equation models (single factorial, second order, and five factors) were calculated, as well as the usual adjustment measures, with the five-factor PERMA model presenting the best structure, although with a relatively low fit. The modification of the model by the weight of regressions between some of the items with larger covariances allowed a better adjustment: χ 2 (73) = 264.960, p < 0.001, χ 2 /df = 3.63, CFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.91, IFI = 0.94; GFI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.078, p < 0.001. Although the results revealed that the experiences of senior tourists when visiting the island of São Miguel contributed significantly to their well-being and the modified model presented superior adjustment quality, future studies are suggested to evaluate the quality of the PERMA model applied to tourism.

Suggested Citation

  • José Mendes & Teresa Medeiros & Osvaldo Silva & Licínio Tomás & Luís Silva & Joaquim A. Ferreira, 2022. "PERMA Model of Well-Being Applied to Portuguese Senior Tourists: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-11, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:13:p:7538-:d:844119
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Jinghua Han & Keji Huang & Shiwei Shen, 2022. "Are Tourism Practitioners Happy? The Role of Explanatory Style Played on Tourism Practitioners’ Psychological Well-Being," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-18, April.
    2. Gerbing, David W & Anderson, James C, 1984. "On the Meaning of Within-Factor Correlated Measurement Errors," Journal of Consumer Research, Journal of Consumer Research Inc., vol. 11(1), pages 572-580, June.
    3. Christopher Peterson & Nansook Park & Martin Seligman, 2005. "Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction: the full life versus the empty life," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 6(1), pages 25-41, March.
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