IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v13y2021i6p3430-d520665.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Electric Vehicle and Renewable Energy Sources: Motor Fusion in the Energy Transition from a Multi-Indicator Perspective

Author

Listed:
  • Isabel C. Gil-García

    (Faculty of Engineering, Distance University of Madrid (UDIMA), c/ Coruña, km 38.500 28400, Collado Villalba, 28029 Madrid, Spain
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Mª Socorro García-Cascales

    (Department of Electronics, Technology of Computers and Projects, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Habib Dagher

    (Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, Flagstaff Rd, Orono, ME 04469, USA
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Angel Molina-García

    (Department of Automatics, Electrical Engineering and Electronic Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202 Cartagena, Spain
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

Energy transition requires actions from different sectors and levels, mainly focused on achieving a low-carbon and high-renewable integration society. Among the different sectors, the transport sector is responsible for more than 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions, mostly emitted in cities. Therefore, initiatives and analysis focused on electric vehicles integration powered by renewables is currently a desirable solution to mitigate climate change and promote energy transition. Under this framework, this paper proposes a multi-indicator analysis for the estimation of CO 2 emissions combining renewable integration targets, reduction emission targets and realistic renewable resource potentials. Four scenarios are identified and analyzed: (i) current situation with conventional vehicles, (ii) replacement of such conventional by electric vehicles without renewable integration, (iii) and (iv) integration of renewables to fulfill emission reduction targets for 2030 and 2050 respectively. The analysis is evaluated in the state of Maine (United States). From the results, a minimum renewable penetration of 39% and 82%, respectively, is needed to fulfill the emission reduction targets for 2030 and 2050 by considering 100% conventional vehicle replacement. Different combinations of available renewable resources can reduce emissions by more than 35%.

Suggested Citation

  • Isabel C. Gil-García & Mª Socorro García-Cascales & Habib Dagher & Angel Molina-García, 2021. "Electric Vehicle and Renewable Energy Sources: Motor Fusion in the Energy Transition from a Multi-Indicator Perspective," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-19, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:6:p:3430-:d:520665
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/6/3430/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/6/3430/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Li, Yanfei & Chang, Youngho, 2019. "Road transport electrification and energy security in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations: Quantitative analysis and policy implications," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 129(C), pages 805-815.
    2. Yuehong Lu & Zafar A. Khan & Manuel S. Alvarez-Alvarado & Yang Zhang & Zhijia Huang & Muhammad Imran, 2020. "A Critical Review of Sustainable Energy Policies for the Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-31, June.
    3. Ye Yang & Zhongfu Tan & Yilong Ren, 2020. "Research on Factors That Influence the Fast Charging Behavior of Private Battery Electric Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-19, April.
    4. Gössling, Stefan & Cohen, Scott, 2014. "Why sustainable transport policies will fail: EU climate policy in the light of transport taboos," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 39(C), pages 197-207.
    5. Connolly, D. & Lund, H. & Mathiesen, B.V., 2016. "Smart Energy Europe: The technical and economic impact of one potential 100% renewable energy scenario for the European Union," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 60(C), pages 1634-1653.
    6. M. Hasanuzzaman & Ummu Salamah Zubir & Nur Iqtiyani Ilham & Hang Seng Che, 2017. "Global electricity demand, generation, grid system, and renewable energy polices: a review," Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 6(3), May.
    7. Kaldellis, J.K. & Apostolou, D., 2017. "Life cycle energy and carbon footprint of offshore wind energy. Comparison with onshore counterpart," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C), pages 72-84.
    8. Bellocchi, Sara & Klöckner, Kai & Manno, Michele & Noussan, Michel & Vellini, Michela, 2019. "On the role of electric vehicles towards low-carbon energy systems: Italy and Germany in comparison," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 255(C).
    9. Bellocchi, Sara & Manno, Michele & Noussan, Michel & Prina, Matteo Giacomo & Vellini, Michela, 2020. "Electrification of transport and residential heating sectors in support of renewable penetration: Scenarios for the Italian energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
    10. Abdmouleh, Zeineb & Alammari, Rashid A.M. & Gastli, Adel, 2015. "Review of policies encouraging renewable energy integration & best practices," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 45(C), pages 249-262.
    11. Amjad Ali & Wuhua Li & Rashid Hussain & Xiangning He & Barry W. Williams & Abdul Hameed Memon, 2017. "Overview of Current Microgrid Policies, Incentives and Barriers in the European Union, United States and China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(7), pages 1-28, June.
    12. Fuad Un-Noor & Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban & Lucian Mihet-Popa & Mohammad Nurunnabi Mollah & Eklas Hossain, 2017. "A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development," Energies, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-84, August.
    13. Liu, Jian & Zhong, Caifu, 2019. "An economic evaluation of the coordination between electric vehicle storage and distributed renewable energy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 186(C).
    14. Manel Arribas-Ibar & Petra A. Nylund & Alexander Brem, 2021. "The Risk of Dissolution of Sustainable Innovation Ecosystems in Times of Crisis: The Electric Vehicle during the COVID-19 Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-14, January.
    15. Abdul-Manan, Amir F.N., 2015. "Uncertainty and differences in GHG emissions between electric and conventional gasoline vehicles with implications for transport policy making," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(C), pages 1-7.
    16. Ahmad, Nasir & Derrible, Sybil, 2018. "An information theory based robustness analysis of energy mix in US States," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 120(C), pages 167-174.
    17. Dominković, D.F. & Bačeković, I. & Ćosić, B. & Krajačić, G. & Pukšec, T. & Duić, N. & Markovska, N., 2016. "Zero carbon energy system of South East Europe in 2050," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 1517-1528.
    18. Ke, Wenwei & Zhang, Shaojun & He, Xiaoyi & Wu, Ye & Hao, Jiming, 2017. "Well-to-wheels energy consumption and emissions of electric vehicles: Mid-term implications from real-world features and air pollution control progress," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 367-377.
    19. Bellocchi, Sara & Gambini, Marco & Manno, Michele & Stilo, Tommaso & Vellini, Michela, 2018. "Positive interactions between electric vehicles and renewable energy sources in CO2-reduced energy scenarios: The Italian case," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 161(C), pages 172-182.
    20. Jonatan J. Gómez Vilchez & Austin Smyth & Luke Kelleher & Hui Lu & Charlene Rohr & Gillian Harrison & Christian Thiel, 2019. "Electric Car Purchase Price as a Factor Determining Consumers’ Choice and their Views on Incentives in Europe," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(22), pages 1-14, November.
    21. Madhusudhan Adhikari & Laxman Prasad Ghimire & Yeonbae Kim & Prakash Aryal & Sundar Bahadur Khadka, 2020. "Identification and Analysis of Barriers against Electric Vehicle Use," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-20, June.
    22. Ankur Bhattacharjee & Rakesh K. Mohanty & Aritra Ghosh, 2020. "Design of an Optimized Thermal Management System for Li-Ion Batteries under Different Discharging Conditions," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-21, October.
    23. Aritra Ghosh, 2020. "Possibilities and Challenges for the Inclusion of the Electric Vehicle (EV) to Reduce the Carbon Footprint in the Transport Sector: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(10), pages 1-22, May.
    24. Turconi, Roberto & Boldrin, Alessio & Astrup, Thomas, 2013. "Life cycle assessment (LCA) of electricity generation technologies: Overview, comparability and limitations," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 28(C), pages 555-565.
    25. Jack N. Barkenbus, 2020. "Prospects for Electric Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-13, July.
    26. Gur, K. & Chatzikyriakou, D. & Baschet, C. & Salomon, M., 2018. "The reuse of electrified vehicle batteries as a means of integrating renewable energy into the European electricity grid: A policy and market analysis," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 535-545.
    27. Hasan, M.A. & Chapman, R. & Frame, D.J., 2020. "Acceptability of transport emissions reduction policies: A multi-criteria analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    28. Dominković, D.F. & Bačeković, I. & Pedersen, A.S. & Krajačić, G., 2018. "The future of transportation in sustainable energy systems: Opportunities and barriers in a clean energy transition," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 82(P2), pages 1823-1838.
    29. Georg Jäger & Christian Hofer & Manfred Füllsack, 2019. "The Benefits of Randomly Delayed Charging of Electric Vehicles," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(13), pages 1-11, July.
    30. Szinai, Julia K. & Sheppard, Colin J.R. & Abhyankar, Nikit & Gopal, Anand R., 2020. "Reduced grid operating costs and renewable energy curtailment with electric vehicle charge management," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C).
    31. Jungwoo Shin & Taehoon Lim & Moo Yeon Kim & Jae Young Choi, 2018. "Can Next-Generation Vehicles Sustainably Survive in the Automobile Market? Evidence from Ex-Ante Market Simulation and Segmentation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(3), pages 1-16, February.
    32. Shokrzadeh, Shahab & Bibeau, Eric, 2016. "Sustainable integration of intermittent renewable energy and electrified light-duty transportation through repurposing batteries of plug-in electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 106(C), pages 701-711.
    33. Wolfram, Paul & Wiedmann, Thomas, 2017. "Electrifying Australian transport: Hybrid life cycle analysis of a transition to electric light-duty vehicles and renewable electricity," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 531-540.
    34. Bamidele Victor Ayodele & Siti Indati Mustapa, 2020. "Life Cycle Cost Assessment of Electric Vehicles: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(6), pages 1-17, March.
    35. Kamile Petrauskiene & Jolanta Dvarioniene & Giedrius Kaveckis & Daina Kliaugaite & Julie Chenadec & Leonie Hehn & Berta Pérez & Claudio Bordi & Giorgio Scavino & Andrea Vignoli & Michael Erman, 2020. "Situation Analysis of Policies for Electric Mobility Development: Experience from Five European Regions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-21, April.
    36. Muhammad Umar Javed & Nadeem Javaid & Abdulaziz Aldegheishem & Nabil Alrajeh & Muhammad Tahir & Muhammad Ramzan, 2020. "Scheduling Charging of Electric Vehicles in a Secured Manner by Emphasizing Cost Minimization Using Blockchain Technology and IPFS," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-37, June.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. David Borge-Diez & Pedro Miguel Ortega-Cabezas & Antonio Colmenar-Santos & Jorge Juan Blanes-Peiró, 2021. "Contribution of Driving Efficiency to Vehicle-to-Building," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(12), pages 1-30, June.
    2. Mihai Machedon-Pisu & Paul Nicolae Borza, 2021. "A Methodological Approach to Assess the Impact of Energy and Raw Materials Constraints on the Sustainable Deployment of Light-Duty Vehicles by 2050," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-23, October.
    3. Gábor Horváth & Attila Bai & Sándor Szegedi & István Lázár & Csongor Máthé & László Huzsvai & Máté Zakar & Zoltán Gabnai & Tamás Tóth, 2023. "A Comprehensive Review of the Distinctive Tendencies of the Diffusion of E-Mobility in Central Europe," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(14), pages 1-29, July.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Østergaard, P.A. & Lund, H. & Thellufsen, J.Z. & Sorknæs, P. & Mathiesen, B.V., 2022. "Review and validation of EnergyPLAN," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    2. Pfeifer, Antun & Krajačić, Goran & Haas, Reinhard & Duić, Neven, 2020. "Consequences of different strategic decisions of market coupled zones on the development of energy systems based on coal and hydropower," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C).
    3. Pastore, Lorenzo Mario & Lo Basso, Gianluigi & Cristiani, Laura & de Santoli, Livio, 2022. "Rising targets to 55% GHG emissions reduction – The smart energy systems approach for improving the Italian energy strategy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 259(C).
    4. Md. Mosaraf Hossain Khan & Amran Hossain & Aasim Ullah & Molla Shahadat Hossain Lipu & S. M. Shahnewaz Siddiquee & M. Shafiul Alam & Taskin Jamal & Hafiz Ahmed, 2021. "Integration of Large-Scale Electric Vehicles into Utility Grid: An Efficient Approach for Impact Analysis and Power Quality Assessment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-18, October.
    5. Bellocchi, Sara & Manno, Michele & Noussan, Michel & Prina, Matteo Giacomo & Vellini, Michela, 2020. "Electrification of transport and residential heating sectors in support of renewable penetration: Scenarios for the Italian energy system," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 196(C).
    6. Bačeković, Ivan & Østergaard, Poul Alberg, 2018. "Local smart energy systems and cross-system integration," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 151(C), pages 812-825.
    7. Pastore, Lorenzo Mario & Groppi, Daniele & Feijoo, Felipe & Lo Basso, Gianluigi & Astiaso Garcia, Davide & de Santoli, Livio, 2024. "Optimal decarbonisation pathways for the Italian energy system: Modelling a long-term energy transition to achieve zero emission by 2050," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 367(C).
    8. Bartolini, Andrea & Comodi, Gabriele & Salvi, Danilo & Østergaard, Poul Alberg, 2020. "Renewables self-consumption potential in districts with high penetration of electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 213(C).
    9. Mikulčić, Hrvoje & Ridjan Skov, Iva & Dominković, Dominik Franjo & Wan Alwi, Sharifah Rafidah & Manan, Zainuddin Abdul & Tan, Raymond & Duić, Neven & Hidayah Mohamad, Siti Nur & Wang, Xuebin, 2019. "Flexible Carbon Capture and Utilization technologies in future energy systems and the utilization pathways of captured CO2," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 114(C), pages 1-1.
    10. Yuan, Meng & Thellufsen, Jakob Zinck & Lund, Henrik & Liang, Yongtu, 2021. "The electrification of transportation in energy transition," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 236(C).
    11. Potrč, Sanja & Nemet, Andreja & Čuček, Lidija & Varbanov, Petar Sabev & Kravanja, Zdravko, 2022. "Synthesis of a regenerative energy system – beyond carbon emissions neutrality," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 169(C).
    12. Lund, Henrik & Thellufsen, Jakob Zinck & Sorknæs, Peter & Mathiesen, Brian Vad & Chang, Miguel & Madsen, Poul Thøis & Kany, Mikkel Strunge & Skov, Iva Ridjan, 2022. "Smart energy Denmark. A consistent and detailed strategy for a fully decarbonized society," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 168(C).
    13. Géremi Gilson Dranka & Paula Ferreira, 2020. "Electric Vehicles and Biofuels Synergies in the Brazilian Energy System," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-22, August.
    14. Sara Bellocchi & Michele Manno & Michel Noussan & Michela Vellini, 2019. "Impact of Grid-Scale Electricity Storage and Electric Vehicles on Renewable Energy Penetration: A Case Study for Italy," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-32, April.
    15. Dominik Franjo Dominković & Greg Stark & Bri-Mathias Hodge & Allan Schrøder Pedersen, 2018. "Integrated Energy Planning with a High Share of Variable Renewable Energy Sources for a Caribbean Island," Energies, MDPI, vol. 11(9), pages 1-15, August.
    16. Pastore, Lorenzo Mario & Lo Basso, Gianluigi & Sforzini, Matteo & de Santoli, Livio, 2022. "Technical, economic and environmental issues related to electrolysers capacity targets according to the Italian Hydrogen Strategy: A critical analysis," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    17. Marina Siebenhofer & Amela Ajanovic & Reinhard Haas, 2021. "How Policies Affect the Dissemination of Electric Passenger Cars Worldwide," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(8), pages 1-23, April.
    18. Schwab, Julia & Sölch, Christian & Zöttl, Gregor, 2022. "Electric Vehicle Cost in 2035: The impact of market penetration and charging strategies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
    19. Icaza-Alvarez, Daniel & Jurado, Francisco & Tostado-Véliz, Marcos & Arevalo, Paúl, 2022. "Decarbonization of the Galapagos Islands. Proposal to transform the energy system into 100% renewable by 2050," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 189(C), pages 199-220.
    20. Luca Nitschke, 2020. "Reconstituting Automobility: The Influence of Non-Commercial Carsharing on the Meanings of Automobility and the Car," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(17), pages 1-20, August.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:6:p:3430-:d:520665. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.