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Health Risk Assessment, Pore Water Chemistry, and Assessment of Trace Metals Transfer from Two Untreated Sewage Sludge Types to Tomato Crop ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) at Different Application Levels

Author

Listed:
  • Ghulam Murtaza

    (Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Umair Riaz

    (Soil and Water Testing Laboratory for Research, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan)

  • Humera Aziz

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Nabila Shaheen

    (Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Irfan Sohail

    (Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Hamzah Saleem

    (College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China)

  • Muyassar H. Abualreesh

    (Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdualaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia)

  • Aishah Alatawi

    (Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk 71421, Saudi Arabia)

  • Shafaqat Ali

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
    Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan)

Abstract

The application of untreated sewage sludge to cropland in water-deficient areas is common practice. A study was conducted to investigate the transfer of trace elements from sewage sludge to tomato crop and the potential health risk to humans. Two types of sewage sludge, ISS (I-9 Sector wastewater treatment plant, Islamabad) and WSS (Water and Sanitation Authority wastewater treatment plant, Faisalabad), were applied at 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% w / w and compared with control (without any amendment). The test crop was tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ). Results revealed that the EC e of soil was increased by these treatments with respect to all application levels. The levels of Pb (lead) and Zn (Zinc) solubility in soil were increased about 46- and 28-fold by the application of ISS at 1.5% and 16- and 22-fold by the application of WSS at 1.5%, respectively. The highest shoot biomass was recorded with 0.5% level of WSS, while higher rates (1.0% and 1.5%) of both ISS and WSS showed significant ( p < 0.001) decline in shoot biomass production, and the lowest SFW was recorded with the addition of ISS at 1.5% application rate (a significant reduction of 44%) compared to control. The pore water analysis and correlation depicted that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) controlled the release of Zn and Pb. The PLI (value < 1) indicated that the overall pollution of trace metals in the investigated samples was absent, but the I geo and CF showed the contamination potential for Cd, Cu, and Ni was moderate to strong. DIM and HRI analysis suggested that the tomato was safe for human consumption. The HRI values for all trace metals were below the permissible limit (HRI = 1) described by USEPA-IRIS. It was concluded that a lower rate of both sewage sludge types produces more biomass and less accumulation of trace metals in the test crop.

Suggested Citation

  • Ghulam Murtaza & Umair Riaz & Humera Aziz & Nabila Shaheen & Muhammad Irfan Sohail & Muhammad Hamzah Saleem & Muyassar H. Abualreesh & Aishah Alatawi & Shafaqat Ali, 2021. "Health Risk Assessment, Pore Water Chemistry, and Assessment of Trace Metals Transfer from Two Untreated Sewage Sludge Types to Tomato Crop ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) at Different Application Levels," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-17, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:22:p:12394-:d:675803
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ihsan Elahi Zaheer & Shafaqat Ali & Muhammad Hamzah Saleem & Iqra Noor & Mohamed A. El-Esawi & Kashif Hayat & Muhammad Rizwan & Zohaib Abbas & Mohamed A. El-Sheikh & Mohammed Nasser Alyemeni & Leonard, 2020. "Iron–Lysine Mediated Alleviation of Chromium Toxicity in Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) Plants in Relation to Morpho-Physiological Traits and Iron Uptake When Irrigated with Tannery Wastewater," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-23, August.
    2. Ayesha Nawaz & Saddam Hussain & Muhammad Sohail Waqas & Haroon Rasheed & Sikandar Ali & Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal & Zarina Yasmeen & Muhammad Mohsin Waqas, 2020. "Health Risk Assessment Of Heavy Metals Due To Untreated Wastewater Irrigated Vegetables," Big Data In Water Resources Engineering (BDWRE), Zibeline International Publishing, vol. 1(1), pages 1-3, February.
    3. Farah Tariq & Xiukang Wang & Muhammad Hamzah Saleem & Zafar Iqbal Khan & Kafeel Ahmad & Ifra Saleem Malik & Mudasra Munir & Shehzadi Mahpara & Naunain Mehmood & Tasneem Ahmad & Hafsa Memona & Ilker Ug, 2021. "Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Basmati Rice: Implications for Public Health," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-13, July.
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    1. Aishah Alatawi & Xiukang Wang & Arosha Maqbool & Muhammad Hamzah Saleem & Kamal Usman & Muhammad Rizwan & Tahira Yasmeen & Muhammad Saleem Arif & Shamaila Noreen & Afzal Hussain & Shafaqat Ali, 2022. "S-Fertilizer (Elemental Sulfur) Improves the Phytoextraction of Cadmium through Solanum nigrum L," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-19, January.

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