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Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Basmati Rice: Implications for Public Health

Author

Listed:
  • Farah Tariq

    (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Xiukang Wang

    (College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China)

  • Muhammad Hamzah Saleem

    (MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China)

  • Zafar Iqbal Khan

    (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Kafeel Ahmad

    (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Ifra Saleem Malik

    (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Mudasra Munir

    (Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Shehzadi Mahpara

    (Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200, Pakistan)

  • Naunain Mehmood

    (Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan)

  • Tasneem Ahmad

    (Thathi Pak Farm House, Toba Tek Sigh 36070, Pakistan)

  • Hafsa Memona

    (Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 40050, Pakistan)

  • Ilker Ugulu

    (Faculty of Education, Usak University, Usak 64100, Turkey)

  • Sajid Fiaz

    (Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan)

  • Shafaqat Ali

    (Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Allama Iqbal Road, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
    Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan)

Abstract

Basmati rice is increasingly recognized and consumed in different parts of the world due to its different tastes and nutritional properties. This research focused on determining the cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) content in locally grown basmati rice in Pakistan and assessing the risks of these values to human health. Root, shoot and grain samples of basmati rice were taken, along with soil samples from the five regions studied. Metal mean concentrations (mg/kg) in grains fluctuated from 2.70 to 9.80 for Cd, 4.80 to 9.85 for Zn, 1.16 to 1.46 for Cu, 1.84 to 10.86 for Co, 2.05 to 13.07 for Fe, 5.03 to 11.11 for Mn and 3.24 to 13.28 for Ni, respectively. All metal values were within permissible limits except for Cd. The enrichment factor for Cd was highest among all sites. Cobalt and zinc had the highest bioaccumulation factor and translocation factor. The highest enrichment factor was noticed for Cd and the lowest for Cu. The health risk index at all examined sites was less than one. Consistent examination is recommended to limit health hazards instigated by the use of rice polluted with a greater concentration of Cd.

Suggested Citation

  • Farah Tariq & Xiukang Wang & Muhammad Hamzah Saleem & Zafar Iqbal Khan & Kafeel Ahmad & Ifra Saleem Malik & Mudasra Munir & Shehzadi Mahpara & Naunain Mehmood & Tasneem Ahmad & Hafsa Memona & Ilker Ug, 2021. "Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Basmati Rice: Implications for Public Health," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-13, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:15:p:8513-:d:604934
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    Cited by:

    1. Abdihakim Osman Heile & Qamar uz Zaman & Zubair Aslam & Afzal Hussain & Mustansar Aslam & Muhammad Hamzah Saleem & Muyassar H. Abualreesh & Aishah Alatawi & Shafaqat Ali, 2021. "Alleviation of Cadmium Phytotoxicity Using Silicon Fertilization in Wheat by Altering Antioxidant Metabolism and Osmotic Adjustment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-13, October.
    2. Ghulam Murtaza & Umair Riaz & Humera Aziz & Nabila Shaheen & Muhammad Irfan Sohail & Muhammad Hamzah Saleem & Muyassar H. Abualreesh & Aishah Alatawi & Shafaqat Ali, 2021. "Health Risk Assessment, Pore Water Chemistry, and Assessment of Trace Metals Transfer from Two Untreated Sewage Sludge Types to Tomato Crop ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) at Different Application Levels," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-17, November.
    3. Ilker Ugulu & Shehnaz Bibi & Zafar Iqbal Khan & Kafeel Ahmad & Mudasra Munir & Ifra Saleem Malik & Abid Ejaz & Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei, 2023. "Biomonitoring of Heavy Metal and Metalloid Contamination in Industrial Wastewater Irrigated Areas Using Sugar Beet ( Brassica oleracea L.)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-14, June.
    4. Dan Liu & Lei Tao & Xiang Li & Chunmei Xiong & Xiaoxia Yang & Qingyu Nie & Junjie Lin, 2022. "Selenium Application Decreases the Enrichment and Human Exposure Risk of Cadmium in the Leaf of Jute ( Corchorus capsularis L.) Planted in Uncontaminated Purple Soil," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(15), pages 1-7, August.
    5. Saira Naz & Francesco Fazio & Syed Sikandar Habib & Ghazala Nawaz & Sobia Attaullah & Mujeeb Ullah & Adil Hayat & Imtiaz Ahmed, 2022. "Incidence of Heavy Metals in the Application of Fertilizers to Crops (Wheat and Rice), a Fish (Common carp) Pond and a Human Health Risk Assessment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-15, October.
    6. Muhammad Awais Ghani & Muhammad Mehran Abbas & Basharat Ali & Rukhsanda Aziz & Rashad Waseem Khan Qadri & Anam Noor & Muhammad Azam & Saleem Bahzad & Muhammad Hamzah Saleem & Muyassar H. Abualreesh & , 2021. "Alleviating Role of Gibberellic Acid in Enhancing Plant Growth and Stimulating Phenolic Compounds in Carrot ( Daucus carota L.) under Lead Stress," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-13, November.
    7. Zafar Iqbal Khan & Asim Mansha & Muhammad Hamzah Saleem & Farah Tariq & Kafeel Ahmad & Tasneem Ahmad & Muhammad Umer Farooq Awan & Muyassar H. Abualreesh & Aishah Alatawi & Shafaqat Ali, 2021. "Trace Metal Accumulation in Rice Variety Kainat Irrigated with Canal Water," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-15, December.
    8. Aishah Alatawi & Xiukang Wang & Arosha Maqbool & Muhammad Hamzah Saleem & Kamal Usman & Muhammad Rizwan & Tahira Yasmeen & Muhammad Saleem Arif & Shamaila Noreen & Afzal Hussain & Shafaqat Ali, 2022. "S-Fertilizer (Elemental Sulfur) Improves the Phytoextraction of Cadmium through Solanum nigrum L," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-19, January.
    9. Cheng Han & Jilong Lu & Shengbo Chen & Xitong Xu & Zibo Wang & Zheng Pei & Yu Zhang & Fengxuan Li, 2021. "Estimation of Heavy Metal(Loid) Contents in Agricultural Soil of the Suzi River Basin Using Optimal Spectral Indices," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-21, November.
    10. Nudrat Aisha Akram & Muhammad Hamzah Saleem & Sidra Shafiq & Hira Naz & Muhammad Farid-ul-Haq & Baber Ali & Fahad Shafiq & Muhammad Iqbal & Mariusz Jaremko & Kamal Ahmad Qureshi, 2022. "Phytoextracts as Crop Biostimulants and Natural Protective Agents—A Critical Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-17, November.

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