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Evolution of Green Space under Rapid Urban Expansion in Southeast Asian Cities

Author

Listed:
  • Amal Najihah Muhamad Nor

    (Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
    School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK)

  • Hasifah Abdul Aziz

    (Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia)

  • Siti Aisyah Nawawi

    (Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia)

  • Rohazaini Muhammad Jamil

    (Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia)

  • Muhamad Azahar Abas

    (Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia)

  • Kamarul Ariffin Hambali

    (Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia)

  • Abdul Hafidz Yusoff

    (Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia)

  • Norfadhilah Ibrahim

    (Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli 17600, Malaysia)

  • Nur Hairunnisa Rafaai

    (Institute for Environment and Development, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Baru Bangi 43600, Malaysia)

  • Ron Corstanje

    (School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK)

  • Jim Harris

    (School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK)

  • Darren Grafius

    (School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, Bedford MK43 0AL, UK)

  • Humberto L. Perotto-Baldivieso

    (Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA)

Abstract

Globally, rapid urban expansion has caused green spaces in urban areas to decline considerably. In this study, the rapid expansion of three Southeast Asia cities were considered, namely, Kuala Lumpur City, Malaysia; Jakarta, Indonesia; and Metro Manila, Philippines. This study evaluates the changes in spatial and temporal patterns of urban areas and green space structure in the three cities over the last two decades. Land use land cover (LULC) maps of the cities (1988/1989, 1999 and 2014) were developed based on 30-m resolution satellite images. The changes in the landscape and spatial structure were analysed using change detection, landscape metrics and statistical analysis. The percentage of green space in the three cities reduced in size from 45% to 20% with the rapid expansion of urban areas over the 25-year period. In Metro Manila and Jakarta, the proportion of green space converted to urban areas was higher in the initial 1989 to 1999 period than over the latter 1999 to 2014 period. Significant changes in green space structure were observed in Jakarta and Metro Manila. Green space gradually fragmented and became less connected and more unevenly distributed. These changes were not seen in Kuala Lumpur City. Overall, the impact of spatial structure of urban areas and population density on green space is higher in Jakarta and Metro Manila when this is compared to Kuala Lumpur. Thus, the results have the potential to clarify the relative contribution of green space structure especially for cities in Southeast Asia where only a few studies in urban areas have taken place.

Suggested Citation

  • Amal Najihah Muhamad Nor & Hasifah Abdul Aziz & Siti Aisyah Nawawi & Rohazaini Muhammad Jamil & Muhamad Azahar Abas & Kamarul Ariffin Hambali & Abdul Hafidz Yusoff & Norfadhilah Ibrahim & Nur Hairunni, 2021. "Evolution of Green Space under Rapid Urban Expansion in Southeast Asian Cities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(21), pages 1-20, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:21:p:12024-:d:669022
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    3. Jeonghee Choi & Gunwoo Kim, 2022. "History of Seoul’s Parks and Green Space Policies: Focusing on Policy Changes in Urban Development," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-28, March.
    4. Yihao Jiang & Zhaojin Chen & Pingjun Sun, 2022. "Urban Shrinkage and Urban Vitality Correlation Research in the Three Northeastern Provinces of China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(17), pages 1-22, August.
    5. Jun Fu & Rui Ding & Yilin Zhang & Tao Zhou & Yiming Du & Yuqi Zhu & Linyu Du & Lina Peng & Jian Zou & Wenqian Xiao, 2022. "The Spatial-Temporal Transition and Influencing Factors of Green and Low-Carbon Utilization Efficiency of Urban Land in China under the Goal of Carbon Neutralization," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-25, December.
    6. Xiamei Yao & Yuanyuan Chen & Qingyi Zhang & Zhongqiong Mou & Xiaojie Yao & Chun Ou, 2022. "Assessment of the Urban Expansion and Its Impact on the Eco-Environment—A Case Study of Hefei Municipal Area," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(17), pages 1-19, August.

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