Forage Species Identity Shapes Soil Biota in a Temperate Agroecosystem

Increasing plant diversity in the perennial phase of pasture-crop rotations is predicted to positively affect belowground productivity and microbial communities and, in turn, augment belowground agroecosystem services including soil health and carbon storage. Using two grass and one legume forage species grown as monocultures and combined in four intercropped combinations, we evaluated how species identity and richness influence belowground productivity, soil microbial communities, and soil C pools. Though grass-legume intercrops demonstrated higher aboveground productivity than component species grown in monoculture, higher species richness was not associated with increased productivity belowground. Root biomass was greatest in tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) monoculture, and intercrops including this species. Species identity was similarly associated with soil microbial community attributes. Orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata L.) monoculture exhibited lower total microbial abundance and lower bacterial abundance than grass-legume intercrops. Bacterial abundance was also lower in orchardgrass compared to white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) monoculture. A common indictor of soil function, the fungal:bacterial ratio, was higher in grass-only than clover-only stands. The prevalence of species-specific impacts on roots and microbial communities in this study suggests that species identity may have a stronger influence than species richness on belowground agroecosystem services from perennial forages in temperate regions.