IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v12y2020i2p535-d307486.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MF-DFA) of Stock Market Indexes. Empirical Evidence from Seven Central and Eastern European Markets

Author

Listed:
  • Laura Raisa Miloş

    (Department of Finance, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, West University of Timișoara, 16 Pestalozzi Street, 300115 Timișoara, Romania)

  • Cornel Haţiegan

    (Departament of Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering and Management, University “Eftimie Murgu” of Resita, 1-4 Traian Vuia Square, 320085 Resita, Romania)

  • Marius Cristian Miloş

    (Department of Finance, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, West University of Timișoara, 16 Pestalozzi Street, 300115 Timișoara, Romania)

  • Flavia Mirela Barna

    (Department of Finance, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, West University of Timișoara, 16 Pestalozzi Street, 300115 Timișoara, Romania)

  • Claudiu Boțoc

    (Department of Finance, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, West University of Timișoara, 16 Pestalozzi Street, 300115 Timișoara, Romania)

Abstract

In this paper, we present a comparative investigation of the multifractal properties of seven Central and Eastern European (CEE) stock markets using recent financial data up to August 2018 by employing seasonal and trend decompositions before applying multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis. We find that stock indices returns exhibit long-range correlations, supporting the idea that the stock markets in question are not efficient markets and have not reached a mature stage of market development. The results of the paper are of interest to investors looking for opportunities in these stock exchanges and also to policy makers in their endeavour of realizing institutional reforms in order to increase stock market efficiency and to support the sustainable growth of the financial markets.

Suggested Citation

  • Laura Raisa Miloş & Cornel Haţiegan & Marius Cristian Miloş & Flavia Mirela Barna & Claudiu Boțoc, 2020. "Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (MF-DFA) of Stock Market Indexes. Empirical Evidence from Seven Central and Eastern European Markets," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-15, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:2:p:535-:d:307486
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/2/535/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/2/535/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chenyu Han & Yiming Wang & Yingying Xu, 2019. "Efficiency and Multifractality Analysis of the Chinese Stock Market: Evidence from Stock Indices before and after the 2015 Stock Market Crash," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-15, March.
    2. Ceyda Aktan & Perihan Iren & Tolga Omay, 2019. "Market development and market efficiency: evidence based on nonlinear panel unit root tests," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(11), pages 979-993, July.
    3. Beck, Thorsten & Levine, Ross, 2004. "Stock markets, banks, and growth: Panel evidence," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 28(3), pages 423-442, March.
    4. Górski, A.Z & Drożdż, S & Speth, J, 2002. "Financial multifractality and its subtleties: an example of DAX," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 316(1), pages 496-510.
    5. Wang, Yudong & Wei, Yu & Wu, Chongfeng, 2011. "Analysis of the efficiency and multifractality of gold markets based on multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 390(5), pages 817-827.
    6. Omay, Nazli C. & Karadagli, Ece C., 2010. "Testing Weak Form Market Efficiency for Emerging Economies: A Nonlinear Approach," MPRA Paper 27312, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Norouzzadeh, P. & Rahmani, B., 2006. "A multifractal detrended fluctuation description of Iranian rial–US dollar exchange rate," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 367(C), pages 328-336.
    8. Benoit Mandelbrot, 1967. "The Variation of Some Other Speculative Prices," The Journal of Business, University of Chicago Press, vol. 40, pages 393-393.
    9. Levine, Ross & Zervos, Sara, 1998. "Stock Markets, Banks, and Economic Growth," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 88(3), pages 537-558, June.
    10. Anagnostidis, P. & Varsakelis, C. & Emmanouilides, C.J., 2016. "Has the 2008 financial crisis affected stock market efficiency? The case of Eurozone," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 447(C), pages 116-128.
    11. Gu, Rongbao & Chen, Hongtao & Wang, Yudong, 2010. "Multifractal analysis on international crude oil markets based on the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 389(14), pages 2805-2815.
    12. Nathaniel Gbenro & Richard Kouamé Moussa, 2019. "Asymmetric Mean Reversion in Low Liquid Markets: Evidence from BRVM," Post-Print hal-02059799, HAL.
    13. Rajagopal, 2014. "Organizations and Innovation," Palgrave Macmillan Books, in: Architecting Enterprise, chapter 3, pages 58-86, Palgrave Macmillan.
    14. Marques, Luís Miguel & Fuinhas, José Alberto & Marques, António Cardoso, 2013. "Does the stock market cause economic growth? Portuguese evidence of economic regime change," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 32(C), pages 316-324.
    15. Sheilla Nyasha & Nicholas M. Odhiambo, 2015. "Do banks and stock markets spur economic growth? Kenya's experience," International Journal of Sustainable Economy, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 7(1), pages 54-65.
    16. Velimir Šonje & Denis Alajbeg & Zoran Bubas, 2011. "Efficient market hypothesis: is the Croatian stock market as (in)efficient as the U.S. market," Financial Theory and Practice, Institute of Public Finance, vol. 35(3), pages 301-326.
    17. Cajueiro, Daniel O & Tabak, Benjamin M, 2004. "The Hurst exponent over time: testing the assertion that emerging markets are becoming more efficient," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 336(3), pages 521-537.
    18. Guglielmo Maria Caporale & Christophe Rault & Anamaria Diana Sova & Robert Sova, 2015. "Financial Development and Economic Growth: Evidence from 10 New European Union Members," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 20(1), pages 48-60, January.
    19. Matteo, T. Di & Aste, T. & Dacorogna, Michel M., 2005. "Long-term memories of developed and emerging markets: Using the scaling analysis to characterize their stage of development," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 29(4), pages 827-851, April.
    20. Matos, José A.O. & Gama, Sı́lvio M.A. & Ruskin, Heather J. & Duarte, José A.M.S., 2004. "An econophysics approach to the Portuguese Stock Index—PSI-20," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 342(3), pages 665-676.
    21. Timotej Jagric & Boris Podobnik & Marko Kolanovic, 2005. "Does the Efficient Market Hypothesis Hold?: Evidence from Six Transition Economies," Eastern European Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 43(4), pages 79-103, August.
    22. Fama, Eugene F, 1970. "Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 25(2), pages 383-417, May.
    23. Maria-Teresa Bosch-Badia & Joan Montllor-Serrats & Maria-Antonia Tarrazon-Rodon, 2018. "Sustainability and Ethics in the Process of Price Determination in Financial Markets: A Conceptual Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(5), pages 1-24, May.
    24. Domino, Krzysztof, 2011. "The use of the Hurst exponent to predict changes in trends on the Warsaw Stock Exchange," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 390(1), pages 98-109.
    25. Nathaniel Gbenro & Richard Kouamé Moussa, 2019. "Asymmetric Mean Reversion in Low Liquid Markets: Evidence from BRVM," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-19, March.
    26. Arestis, Philip & Demetriades, Panicos O, 1997. "Financial Development and Economic Growth: Assessing the Evidence," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 107(442), pages 783-799, May.
    27. Laib, Mohamed & Golay, Jean & Telesca, Luciano & Kanevski, Mikhail, 2018. "Multifractal analysis of the time series of daily means of wind speed in complex regions," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 109(C), pages 118-127.
    28. Petre Caraiani, 2012. "Evidence of Multifractality from Emerging European Stock Markets," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(7), pages 1-9, July.
    29. Victor Dragotă & Elena Ţilică, 2014. "Market efficiency of the Post Communist East European stock markets," Central European Journal of Operations Research, Springer;Slovak Society for Operations Research;Hungarian Operational Research Society;Czech Society for Operations Research;Österr. Gesellschaft für Operations Research (ÖGOR);Slovenian Society Informatika - Section for Operational Research;Croatian Operational Research Society, vol. 22(2), pages 307-337, June.
    30. A. Z. Gorski & S. Drozdz & J. Speth, 2002. "Financial multifractality and its subtleties: an example of DAX," Papers cond-mat/0205482, arXiv.org.
    31. Ferreira, Paulo, 2018. "Long-range dependencies of Eastern European stock markets: A dynamic detrended analysis," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 505(C), pages 454-470.
    32. Cajueiro, Daniel O. & Tabak, Benjamin M., 2007. "Long-range dependence and multifractality in the term structure of LIBOR interest rates," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 373(C), pages 603-614.
    33. Cajueiro, Daniel O. & Tabak, Benjamin M., 2004. "Evidence of long range dependence in Asian equity markets: the role of liquidity and market restrictions," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 342(3), pages 656-664.
    34. Kantelhardt, Jan W. & Zschiegner, Stephan A. & Koscielny-Bunde, Eva & Havlin, Shlomo & Bunde, Armin & Stanley, H.Eugene, 2002. "Multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis of nonstationary time series," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 316(1), pages 87-114.
    35. Barunik, Jozef & Aste, Tomaso & Di Matteo, T. & Liu, Ruipeng, 2012. "Understanding the source of multifractality in financial markets," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 391(17), pages 4234-4251.
    36. Sinha, Dipendra & Macri, Joseph, 2001. "Development and Economic Growth: The Case of Eight Asian Countries," Economia Internazionale / International Economics, Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato Agricoltura di Genova, vol. 54(2), pages 219-234.
    37. Saadet Kasman & Evrim Turgutlu & A. Duygu Ayhan, 2009. "Long memory in stock returns: evidence from the major emerging Central European stock markets," Applied Economics Letters, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 16(17), pages 1763-1768.
    38. Kian‐Ping Lim & Robert Brooks, 2011. "The Evolution Of Stock Market Efficiency Over Time: A Survey Of The Empirical Literature," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(1), pages 69-108, February.
    39. Hull, Matthew & McGroarty, Frank, 2014. "Do emerging markets become more efficient as they develop? Long memory persistence in equity indices," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 18(C), pages 45-61.
    40. Morales, Raffaello & Di Matteo, T. & Gramatica, Ruggero & Aste, Tomaso, 2012. "Dynamical generalized Hurst exponent as a tool to monitor unstable periods in financial time series," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 391(11), pages 3180-3189.
    41. Ece C. KARADAGLI & Nazlı C. OMAY, 2012. "Testing Weak Form Market Efficiency Of Emerging Markets: A Nonlinear Approach," Journal of Applied Economic Sciences, Spiru Haret University, Faculty of Financial Management and Accounting Craiova, vol. 7(3(21)/ Fa), pages 235-245.
    42. Kantelhardt, Jan W & Koscielny-Bunde, Eva & Rego, Henio H.A & Havlin, Shlomo & Bunde, Armin, 2001. "Detecting long-range correlations with detrended fluctuation analysis," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 295(3), pages 441-454.
    43. Sinha, Dipendra & Macri, Joseph, 2001. "Financial development and economic growth: The case of eight Asian countries," MPRA Paper 18297, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    44. De Bondt, Werner F M & Thaler, Richard H, 1987. "Further Evidence on Investor Overreaction and Stock Market Seasonalit y," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 42(3), pages 557-581, July.
    45. Zunino, L. & Tabak, B.M. & Figliola, A. & Pérez, D.G. & Garavaglia, M. & Rosso, O.A., 2008. "A multifractal approach for stock market inefficiency," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 387(26), pages 6558-6566.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Shrestha, Keshab & Naysary, Babak & Philip, Sheena Sara Suresh, 2023. "Fintech market efficiency: A multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    2. Onur Özdemir & Anoop S. Kumar, 2024. "Dynamic Efficiency and Herd Behavior During Pre- and Post-COVID-19 in the NFT Market: Evidence from Multifractal Analysis," Computational Economics, Springer;Society for Computational Economics, vol. 63(3), pages 1255-1279, March.
    3. Suchetana Sadhukhan & Poulomi Sadhukhan, 2022. "Sector-wise analysis of Indian stock market: Long and short-term risk and stability analysis," Papers 2210.09619, arXiv.org.
    4. Farhang Rahmani & Mohammad Hadi Fattahi, 2021. "A multifractal cross-correlation investigation into sensitivity and dependence of meteorological and hydrological droughts on precipitation and temperature," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 109(3), pages 2197-2219, December.
    5. Nurulkamal Masseran, 2022. "Multifractal Characteristics on Temporal Maximum of Air Pollution Series," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(20), pages 1-15, October.
    6. Antoniades, I.P. & Brandi, Giuseppe & Magafas, L. & Di Matteo, T., 2021. "The use of scaling properties to detect relevant changes in financial time series: A new visual warning tool," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 565(C).
    7. Ioannis P. Antoniades & Giuseppe Brandi & L. G. Magafas & T. Di Matteo, 2020. "The use of scaling properties to detect relevant changes in financial time series: a new visual warning tool," Papers 2010.08890, arXiv.org, revised Dec 2020.
    8. Yao, Can-Zhong & Mo, Yi-Na & Zhang, Ze-Kun, 2021. "A study of the efficiency of the Chinese clean energy stock market and its correlation with the crude oil market based on an asymmetric multifractal scaling behavior analysis," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    9. Fousekis, Panos & Tzaferi, Dimitra, 2022. "Price multifractality and informational efficiency in the futures markets of the US soybean complex," Applied Econometrics, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), vol. 66, pages 68-84.
    10. Samuel T. Ogunjo, 2023. "The impact of the 2007–2008 global financial crisis on the multifractality of the Nigerian Stock Exchange," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 3(1), pages 1-17, January.
    11. Wang, Jian & Huang, Menghao & Wu, Xinpei & Kim, Junseok, 2023. "A local fitting based multifractal detrend fluctuation analysis method," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 611(C).
    12. Chandra, Aitichya & Verma, Ashish & Sooraj, K.P. & Padhi, Radhakant, 2023. "Modelling and assessment of the arrival and departure process at the terminal area: A case study of Chennai international airport," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 615(C).
    13. Evgeniya Gospodinova & Penio Lebamovski & Galya Georgieva-Tsaneva & Galina Bogdanova & Diana Dimitrova, 2022. "Methods for Mathematical Analysis of Simulated and Real Fractal Processes with Application in Cardiology," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(19), pages 1-16, September.
    14. Aslam, Faheem & Zil-e-huma, & Bibi, Rashida & Ferreira, Paulo, 2022. "Cross-correlations between economic policy uncertainty and precious and industrial metals: A multifractal cross-correlation analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(C).
    15. Aslam, Faheem & Aziz, Saqib & Nguyen, Duc Khuong & Mughal, Khurrum S. & Khan, Maaz, 2020. "On the efficiency of foreign exchange markets in times of the COVID-19 pandemic," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    16. Zhuang, Xiaoyang & Wei, Dan, 2022. "Asymmetric multifractality, comparative efficiency analysis of green finance markets: A dynamic study by index-based model," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 604(C).
    17. Katarzyna Czech & Łukasz Pietrych, 2021. "The Efficiency of the Polish Zloty Exchange Rate Market: The Uncovered Interest Parity and Fractal Analysis Approaches," Risks, MDPI, vol. 9(8), pages 1-17, August.
    18. Zhang, Lulu & Shi, Qi & Zhou, Ning, 2024. "The influence of grain futures market on stock price fluctuation of agricultural listed companies," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    19. NUHIU Artor & ALIU Florin & ALIU Fisnik & HOTI Arbër, 2023. "Measuring Market Efficiency Through Valuation Techniques: The Case Of Visegrad Countries Stock Markets," Studies in Business and Economics, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Faculty of Economic Sciences, vol. 18(1), pages 198-217, April.
    20. Deniz Erer & Elif Erer & Selim Güngör, 2023. "The aggregate and sectoral time-varying market efficiency during crisis periods in Turkey: a comparative analysis with COVID-19 outbreak and the global financial crisis," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 9(1), pages 1-25, December.
    21. Memon, Bilal Ahmed & Yao, Hongxing & Naveed, Hafiz Muhammad, 2022. "Examining the efficiency and herding behavior of commodity markets using multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis. Empirical evidence from energy, agriculture, and metal markets," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Akash P. POOJARI & Siva Kiran GUPTHA & G Raghavender RAJU, 2022. "Multifractal analysis of equities. Evidence from the emerging and frontier banking sectors," Theoretical and Applied Economics, Asociatia Generala a Economistilor din Romania / Editura Economica, vol. 0(3(632), A), pages 61-80, Autumn.
    2. Faheem Aslam & Wahbeeah Mohti & Paulo Ferreira, 2020. "Evidence of Intraday Multifractality in European Stock Markets during the Recent Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 8(2), pages 1-13, May.
    3. Aslam, Faheem & Aziz, Saqib & Nguyen, Duc Khuong & Mughal, Khurrum S. & Khan, Maaz, 2020. "On the efficiency of foreign exchange markets in times of the COVID-19 pandemic," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    4. Ferreira, Paulo, 2018. "Long-range dependencies of Eastern European stock markets: A dynamic detrended analysis," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 505(C), pages 454-470.
    5. Stosic, Dusan & Stosic, Darko & de Mattos Neto, Paulo S.G. & Stosic, Tatijana, 2019. "Multifractal characterization of Brazilian market sectors," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 525(C), pages 956-964.
    6. Kristoufek, Ladislav & Vosvrda, Miloslav, 2013. "Measuring capital market efficiency: Global and local correlations structure," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 392(1), pages 184-193.
    7. Choi, Sun-Yong, 2021. "Analysis of stock market efficiency during crisis periods in the US stock market: Differences between the global financial crisis and COVID-19 pandemic," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 574(C).
    8. Zhuang, Xiaoyang & Wei, Yu & Ma, Feng, 2015. "Multifractality, efficiency analysis of Chinese stock market and its cross-correlation with WTI crude oil price," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 430(C), pages 101-113.
    9. Rizvi, Syed Aun R. & Dewandaru, Ginanjar & Bacha, Obiyathulla I. & Masih, Mansur, 2014. "An analysis of stock market efficiency: Developed vs Islamic stock markets using MF-DFA," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 407(C), pages 86-99.
    10. Bhatia, Madhur, 2023. "On the efficiency of the gold returns: An econometric exploration for India, USA and Brazil," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    11. Schadner, Wolfgang, 2021. "On the persistence of market sentiment: A multifractal fluctuation analysis," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 581(C).
    12. Lee, Min-Jae & Choi, Sun-Yong, 2024. "Insights into the dynamics of market efficiency spillover of financial assets in different equity markets," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 641(C).
    13. Sensoy, Ahmet & Hacihasanoglu, Erk, 2014. "Time-varying long range dependence in energy futures markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 46(C), pages 318-327.
    14. Sensoy, Ahmet & Tabak, Benjamin M., 2016. "Dynamic efficiency of stock markets and exchange rates," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 353-371.
    15. Ali, Sajid & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Raza, Naveed & Al-Yahyaee, Khamis Hamed, 2018. "Stock market efficiency: A comparative analysis of Islamic and conventional stock markets," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 503(C), pages 139-153.
    16. Lee, Hojin & Chang, Woojin, 2015. "Multifractal regime detecting method for financial time series," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, Elsevier, vol. 70(C), pages 117-129.
    17. Hasan, Rashid & Mohammad, Salim M., 2015. "Multifractal analysis of Asian markets during 2007–2008 financial crisis," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 419(C), pages 746-761.
    18. Ladislav Kristoufek & Miloslav Vosvrda, 2014. "Measuring capital market efficiency: long-term memory, fractal dimension and approximate entropy," The European Physical Journal B: Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, Springer;EDP Sciences, vol. 87(7), pages 1-9, July.
    19. Yao, Can-Zhong & Mo, Yi-Na & Zhang, Ze-Kun, 2021. "A study of the efficiency of the Chinese clean energy stock market and its correlation with the crude oil market based on an asymmetric multifractal scaling behavior analysis," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C).
    20. Siokis, Fotios M., 2014. "European economies in crisis: A multifractal analysis of disruptive economic events and the effects of financial assistance," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 395(C), pages 283-292.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:2:p:535-:d:307486. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.