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Electromyography: A Simple and Accessible Tool to Assess Physical Performance and Health during Hypoxia Training. A Systematic Review

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  • Diego Fernández-Lázaro

    (Department of Cellular Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus of Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain
    Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain)

  • Juan Mielgo-Ayuso

    (Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus of Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain)

  • David P. Adams

    (Dual Enrollment Program, Point University-Savannah Campus, Savannah, GA 31419, USA)

  • Jerónimo J. González-Bernal

    (Department of Health Sciences, Cavidito Research Group, University of Burgos, Paseo comendadores s/n 09001 Burgos, Spain)

  • Ana Fernández Araque

    (Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus of Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain)

  • Alicia Cano García

    (Department of Cellular Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus of Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain)

  • Cesar I. Fernández-Lázaro

    (Department of Cellular Biology, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Valladolid, Campus of Soria, 42003 Soria, Spain
    Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, IdiSNA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain)

Abstract

Hypoxia causes reduced partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood and induces adaptations in skeletal muscle that may affect individuals’ physical performance and muscular health. These muscular changes are detectable and quantifiable by electromyography (EMG), an instrument that assesses electrical activity during active contraction at rest. EMG is a relatively simple and accessible technique for all patients, one that can show the degree of the sensory and motor functions because it provides information about the status of the peripheral nerves and muscles. The main goal of this review is to evaluate the scientific evidence of EMG as an instrument for monitoring different responses of skeletal muscles subjected to external stimuli such as hypoxia and physical activity. A structured search was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines in Medline/PubMed, Scielo, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library Plus. The search included articles published in the last 25 years until May 2020 and was restricted to English- and Spanish-language publications. As such, investigators identified nine articles that met the search criteria. The results determined that EMG was able to detect muscle fatigue from changes in the frequency spectrum. When a muscle was fatigued, high frequency components decreased and low frequency components increased. In other studies, EMG determined muscle activation increased during exercise by recruiting motor units and by increasing the intensity of muscle contractions. Finally, it was also possible to calculate the mean quadriceps quadratic activity used to obtain an image of muscle activation. In conclusion, EMG offers a suitable tool for monitoring the different skeletal muscle responses and has sufficient sensitivity to detect hypoxia-induced muscle changes produced by hypoxic stimuli. Moreover, EMG enhances an extension of physical examination and tests motor-system integrity.

Suggested Citation

  • Diego Fernández-Lázaro & Juan Mielgo-Ayuso & David P. Adams & Jerónimo J. González-Bernal & Ana Fernández Araque & Alicia Cano García & Cesar I. Fernández-Lázaro, 2020. "Electromyography: A Simple and Accessible Tool to Assess Physical Performance and Health during Hypoxia Training. A Systematic Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-16, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:21:p:9137-:d:439383
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Alessandro Liberati & Douglas G Altman & Jennifer Tetzlaff & Cynthia Mulrow & Peter C Gøtzsche & John P A Ioannidis & Mike Clarke & P J Devereaux & Jos Kleijnen & David Moher, 2009. "The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 6(7), pages 1-28, July.
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    Cited by:

    1. Diego Fernández-Lázaro & Juan Mielgo-Ayuso & Gema Santamaría & Eduardo Gutiérrez-Abejón & Carlos Domínguez-Ortega & Sandra María García-Lázaro & Jesús Seco-Calvo, 2022. "Adequacy of an Altitude Fitness Program (Living and Training) plus Intermittent Exposure to Hypoxia for Improving Hematological Biomarkers and Sports Performance of Elite Athletes: A Single-Blind Rand," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-21, July.
    2. Diego Fernández-Lázaro & David Gallego-Gallego & Luis A. Corchete & Darío Fernández Zoppino & Jerónimo J. González-Bernal & Blanca García Gómez & Juan Mielgo-Ayuso, 2021. "Inspiratory Muscle Training Program Using the PowerBreath ® : Does It Have Ergogenic Potential for Respiratory and/or Athletic Performance? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-18, June.

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