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Adequacy of an Altitude Fitness Program (Living and Training) plus Intermittent Exposure to Hypoxia for Improving Hematological Biomarkers and Sports Performance of Elite Athletes: A Single-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial

Author

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  • Diego Fernández-Lázaro

    (Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain
    Neurobiology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain)

  • Juan Mielgo-Ayuso

    (Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain)

  • Gema Santamaría

    (Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain)

  • Eduardo Gutiérrez-Abejón

    (Pharmacological Big Data Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
    Pharmacy Directorate, Castilla y León Health Council, 47007 Valladolid, Spain
    Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (Group CB21/13/00051), Carlos III Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain)

  • Carlos Domínguez-Ortega

    (Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics, Histology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain
    Hematology Service of Santa Bárbara Hospital, Castile and Leon Health Network (SACyL), 42003 Soria, Spain)

  • Sandra María García-Lázaro

    (Department of Surgery, Ophthalmology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Soria, University of Valladolid, 42003 Soria, Spain)

  • Jesús Seco-Calvo

    (Physiotherapy Department, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Campus of Vegazana, University of Leon, 24071 Leon, Spain
    Psychology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Basque Country University, 48900 Leioa, Spain)

Abstract

Athletes incorporate altitude training programs into their conventional training to improve their performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of an 8-week altitude training program that was supplemented with intermittent hypoxic training (IHE) on the blood biomarkers, sports performance, and safety profiles of elite athletes. In a single-blind randomized clinical trial that followed the CONSORT recommendations, 24 male athletes were randomized to an IHE group (HA, n = 12) or an intermittent normoxia group (NA, n = 12). The IHE consisted of 5-min cycles of hypoxia–normoxia with an FIO 2 of between 10–13% for 90 min every day for 8 weeks. Hematological (red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, hematocrit, reticulated hemoglobin, reticulocytes, and erythropoietin), immunological (leukocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes), and renal (urea, creatinine, glomerular filtrate, and total protein) biomarkers were assessed at the baseline (T1), day 28 (T2), and day 56 (T3). Sports performance was evaluated at T1 and T3 by measuring quadriceps strength and using three-time trials over the distances of 60, 400, and 1000 m on an athletics track. Statistically significant increases ( p < 0.05) in erythropoietin, reticulocytes, hemoglobin, and reticulocyte hemoglobin were observed in the HA group at T3 with respect to T1 and the NA group. In addition, statistically significant improvements ( p < 0.05) were achieved in all performance tests. No variations were observed in the immunological or renal biomarkers. The athletes who were living and training at 1065 m and were supplemented with IHE produced significant improvements in their hematological behavior and sports performance with optimal safety profiles.

Suggested Citation

  • Diego Fernández-Lázaro & Juan Mielgo-Ayuso & Gema Santamaría & Eduardo Gutiérrez-Abejón & Carlos Domínguez-Ortega & Sandra María García-Lázaro & Jesús Seco-Calvo, 2022. "Adequacy of an Altitude Fitness Program (Living and Training) plus Intermittent Exposure to Hypoxia for Improving Hematological Biomarkers and Sports Performance of Elite Athletes: A Single-Blind Rand," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-21, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:15:p:9095-:d:872028
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kenneth F Schulz & Douglas G Altman & David Moher & for the CONSORT Group, 2010. "CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated Guidelines for Reporting Parallel Group Randomised Trials," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(3), pages 1-7, March.
    2. Diego Fernández-Lázaro & Juan Mielgo-Ayuso & David P. Adams & Jerónimo J. González-Bernal & Ana Fernández Araque & Alicia Cano García & Cesar I. Fernández-Lázaro, 2020. "Electromyography: A Simple and Accessible Tool to Assess Physical Performance and Health during Hypoxia Training. A Systematic Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-16, November.
    3. Diego Fernández-Lázaro & Jerónimo J. González-Bernal & Nerea Sánchez-Serrano & Lourdes Jiménez Navascués & Ana Ascaso-del-Río & Juan Mielgo-Ayuso, 2020. "Physical Exercise as a Multimodal Tool for COVID-19: Could It Be Used as a Preventive Strategy?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(22), pages 1-13, November.
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    1. Diego Fernández-Lázaro & Jesús Seco-Calvo & Jorge Pascual-Fernández & Carlos Domínguez-Ortega & Miguel Del Valle Soto & Juan Mielgo-Ayuso, 2022. "6-Week Supplementation with Tribulus terrestris L. to Trained Male CrossFit ® Athletes on Muscle, Inflammation, and Antioxidant Biomarkers: A Randomized, Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-13, December.

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