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Solid Fuel from Oil Palm Biomass Residues and Municipal Solid Waste by Hydrothermal Treatment for Electrical Power Generation in Malaysia: A Review

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  • Norfadhilah Hamzah

    (Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
    Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology, Technical University of Malaysia Malacca, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal, Malacca 76100, Malaysia)

  • Koji Tokimatsu

    (Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan)

  • Kunio Yoshikawa

    (Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan)

Abstract

Malaysia generated 156,665 gigawatt-hours (GWh) of electricity in 2016 of which the biggest share of 48.4% was sourced from coal and coke. Malaysia coal consumption was met by 90.5% of imported coal due to high demand from the power sector. Malaysia also has a vast biomass resource that is currently under-utilised for electricity generation. This paper reviews the potential of oil palm residues and municipal solid waste (MSW) for alternative coal replacement employing hydrothermal treatment (HTT). In 2017, about 51.19 million tonnes (Mt) of oil palm waste was available with 888.33 peta-joule (PJ) energy potential to generate 88.03 terawatt-hours (TWh) electricity from oil palm fronds (OPF) and oil palm trunks (OPT), empty fruit bunch (EFB), mesocarp fibre (MF), palm kernel shell (PKS) and palm oil mill effluent (POME). Meanwhile, the MSW energy potential and electricity generation potential was estimated at 86.50 PJ/year and 8.57 TWh/year, respectively. HTT with washing co-treatment eliminates the use of drying for converting range of biomass and MSW into clean solid fuel known as hydrochar. The hydrochar increased in caloric value with lower moisture, Potassium (K) and Chlorine (Cl) contents. These value-added fuels can be used as coal alternative and reduce dependency on imported coal for energy security in Malaysia.

Suggested Citation

  • Norfadhilah Hamzah & Koji Tokimatsu & Kunio Yoshikawa, 2019. "Solid Fuel from Oil Palm Biomass Residues and Municipal Solid Waste by Hydrothermal Treatment for Electrical Power Generation in Malaysia: A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-23, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:4:p:1060-:d:206849
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    7. Mohd Mokhta, Zafri & Ong, Mei Yin & Salman, Bello & Nomanbhay, Saifuddin & Salleh, Siti Fatihah & Chew, Kit Wayne & Show, Pau-Loke & Chen, Wei-Hsin, 2020. "Simulation studies on microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass for bioenergy production with special attention on waveguide number and location," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 190(C).
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    10. Md Tanvir Alam & Jang-Soo Lee & Sang-Yeop Lee & Dhruba Bhatta & Kunio Yoshikawa & Yong-Chil Seo, 2019. "Low Chlorine Fuel Pellets Production from the Mixture of Hydrothermally Treated Hospital Solid Waste, Pyrolytic Plastic Waste Residue and Biomass," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-17, November.
    11. Phuang, Zhen Xin & Woon, Kok Sin & Wong, Khai Jian & Liew, Peng Yen & Hanafiah, Marlia Mohd, 2021. "Unlocking the environmental hotspots of palm biodiesel upstream production in Malaysia via life cycle assessment," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    12. Montoya, Jorge & Valdés, Carlos & Chaquea, Hernando & Pecha, M. Brennan & Chejne, Farid, 2020. "Surplus electricity production and LCOE estimation in Colombian palm oil mills using empty fresh bunches (EFB) as fuel," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 202(C).
    13. Zailan, Roziah & Lim, Jeng Shiun & Manan, Zainuddin Abdul & Alwi, Sharifah Rafidah Wan & Mohammadi-ivatloo, Behnam & Jamaluddin, Khairulnadzmi, 2021. "Malaysia scenario of biomass supply chain-cogeneration system and optimization modeling development: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    14. Elizabeth Dickinson & Mark Harrison & Marc Parker & Michael Dickinson & James Donarski & Adrian Charlton & Rosie Nolan & Aida Rafat & Florence Gschwend & Jason Hallett & Maureen Wakefield & Julie Wils, 2019. "From waste to food: Optimising the breakdown of oil palm waste to provide substrate for insects farmed as animal feed," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(11), pages 1-22, November.

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