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Multiannual Assessment of the Risk of Surface Water Erosion and Metal Accumulation Indices in the Flysch Stream Using the MARS Model in the Polish Outer Western Carpathians

Author

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  • Wiktor Halecki

    (Department of Land Reclamation and Environmental Development, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24–28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland)

  • Tomasz Kowalik

    (Department of Land Reclamation and Environmental Development, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24–28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland)

  • Andrzej Bogdał

    (Department of Land Reclamation and Environmental Development, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24–28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland)

Abstract

The anthropogenic problems in richly sculpted areas (mountain and submontane) are mainly related to agricultural activity, which shapes the quality of surface waters. This paper presents an analysis of the results of the hydrochemical tests carried out in the years 2007–2018 at check-control spots. The heavy metal pollution index (HPI < 100) indicated a low risk for aquatic organisms. The statistical calculations obtained by means of multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) designated that the hazard quotient (HQ) index can be combined with the electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved substances (TDS) parameters used in the assessment of water erosion. The HQ index showed that the concentration of individual heavy metals is lower than their value in the 0.5 percentile of the value. In subsequent studies, it should be assessed whether the size of arable land has an impact on the increased concentration of heavy metals in the surface water. We recommend small retention reservoirs as a potential management measure to improve the quality of the surface water at a regional scale. This study has great potential to mitigate the degradation processes related to the insufficient storage capacity, and to promote natural water retention.

Suggested Citation

  • Wiktor Halecki & Tomasz Kowalik & Andrzej Bogdał, 2019. "Multiannual Assessment of the Risk of Surface Water Erosion and Metal Accumulation Indices in the Flysch Stream Using the MARS Model in the Polish Outer Western Carpathians," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(24), pages 1-23, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:24:p:7189-:d:298267
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Xiaoqing Zhao & Sinan Li & Junwei Pu & Peipei Miao & Qian Wang & Kun Tan, 2019. "Optimization of the National Land Space Based on the Coordination of Urban-Agricultural-Ecological Functions in the Karst Areas of Southwest China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(23), pages 1-20, November.
    2. Smith, C.J. & Oster, J.D. & Sposito, G., 2015. "Potassium and magnesium in irrigation water quality assessment," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 157(C), pages 59-64.
    3. Halecki, Wiktor & Kruk, Edyta & Ryczek, Marek, 2018. "Loss of topsoil and soil erosion by water in agricultural areas: A multi-criteria approach for various land use scenarios in the Western Carpathians using a SWAT model," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 73(C), pages 363-372.
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