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Hydroponic Lettuce Production Using Treated Post-Hydrothermal Liquefaction Wastewater (PHW)

Author

Listed:
  • Samuel D. Jesse

    (Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA)

  • Yuanhui Zhang

    (Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA)

  • Andrew J. Margenot

    (Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA)

  • Paul C. Davidson

    (Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Pennsylvania Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA)

Abstract

Post-hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater (PHW) is a byproduct of the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process. Previous research indicates that PHW is free of pathogens and contains nutrients needed for crop growth, but may contain metal(loid)s. This study evaluated the ability of differentially treated PHW for effective and safe hydroponic lettuce production. Water containing only hydroponic fertilizer (Source Water 1) had the highest total dry yield of all five treatments; 3.1 times higher than Source Water 2 (diluted PHW with sand filtration), 3.5 times higher than Source Water 3 (diluted PHW with sand + carbon filtration), 2.6 times higher than Source Water 4 (diluted and nitrified PHW with sand filtration), and 1.3 times higher than Source Water 5 (diluted PHW supplemented with hydroponic fertilizer). Findings also indicated that while PHW was below the US Department of Agriculture Foreign Agriculture Service maximum levels for cadmium, lead, and mercury in food, the concentration of arsenic was 1.6, 2.4, and 2.0 times higher than the maximum level for Source Waters 2, 3, and 4, respectively. There was no detectable E. coli or fecal coliforms in any of the treated PHW. While nitrogen was present in the raw PHW, only 0.03% was NO 3 -N and NO 2 -N. Diluted PHW supplemented with hydroponic fertilizer had lower lettuce yield than hydroponic fertilizer alone, indicating a potential non-nutrient inhibition of plant growth by PHW. Therefore, this research demonstrates that treated PHW does not pose a biological contamination risk for lettuce, but may entail levels of arsenic in edible leaf tissues that are in excess of safe levels. Additional treatment of PHW can benefit crop production by allowing crop utilization of a greater fraction of total nitrogen in the raw PHW.

Suggested Citation

  • Samuel D. Jesse & Yuanhui Zhang & Andrew J. Margenot & Paul C. Davidson, 2019. "Hydroponic Lettuce Production Using Treated Post-Hydrothermal Liquefaction Wastewater (PHW)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(13), pages 1-16, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2019:i:13:p:3605-:d:244444
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Akhtar, Javaid & Amin, Nor Aishah Saidina, 2011. "A review on process conditions for optimum bio-oil yield in hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 15(3), pages 1615-1624, April.
    2. da Silva Cuba Carvalho, Renata & Bastos, Reinaldo Gaspar & Souza, Claudinei Fonseca, 2018. "Influence of the use of wastewater on nutrient absorption and production of lettuce grown in a hydroponic system," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 311-321.
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    Cited by:

    1. Egbuikwem, Precious N. & Mierzwa, Jose C. & Saroj, Devendra P., 2020. "Assessment of suspended growth biological process for treatment and reuse of mixed wastewater for irrigation of edible crops under hydroponic conditions," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 231(C).
    2. Karla Lopez & Vitoria F. C. Leme & Marcin Warzecha & Paul C. Davidson, 2024. "Wastewater Nutrient Recovery via Fungal and Nitrifying Bacteria Treatment," Agriculture, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-12, April.

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