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An Introduction to the Hyperspace of Hargreaves-Samani Reference Evapotranspiration

Author

Listed:
  • Naim Haie

    (Civil Engineering Department, University of Minho, Azurem Campus, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal)

  • Rui M. Pereira

    (Department of Mathematics and Centre of Physics UM-UP, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal)

  • Haw Yen

    (Blackland Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX 76502, USA)

Abstract

Climate change has been shown to directly influence evapotranspiration, which is one of the crucial watershed processes. The common approach to its calculation is via mathematical equations, such as 1985 Hargreaves-Samani (HS85). It computes reference evapotranspiration (ETo) through three climatic variables and one constant: RA (extra-terrestrial radiation), TC (mean temperature), TR (temperature range) and KR (empirical coefficient). To make HS85 more accurate, one of its authors proposed an equation for KR as a function of TR in 2000 (HS00). Both models are 4D and their internal behaviours are difficult to understand, hence, the data driven applications prevalent among experts and managers. In this study, we introduce an innovative research by trying to respond to two questions. What are the relationships between TC and TR? What are the internal patterns of HS hyperspace (4D domain) and the changes in ETo possibilities of the two models? In the proposed approach, thresholds for the four variables are utilized to cover majority of the agroclimatic situations in the world and the hyperspace is discretized with more than 50,000 calculation nodes. The ETo results show that under various climatic conditions, the behaviour of HS is nonlinear (more for HS00) leading to an increased uncertainty particularly for data driven applications. TC and TR show patterns useful for regions with less data.

Suggested Citation

  • Naim Haie & Rui M. Pereira & Haw Yen, 2018. "An Introduction to the Hyperspace of Hargreaves-Samani Reference Evapotranspiration," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-18, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:11:p:4277-:d:183865
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Naim Haie, 2016. "Sefficiency (sustainable efficiency) of water–energy–food entangled systems," International Journal of Water Resources Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(5), pages 721-737, September.
    2. Levidow, Les & Zaccaria, Daniele & Maia, Rodrigo & Vivas, Eduardo & Todorovic, Mladen & Scardigno, Alessandra, 2014. "Improving water-efficient irrigation: Prospects and difficulties of innovative practices," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 146(C), pages 84-94.
    3. Naim Haie & Andrew A. Keller, 2014. "Macro, meso, and micro-efficiencies and terminologies in water resources management: a look at urban and agricultural differences," Water International, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 39(1), pages 35-48, January.
    4. Dereje Birhanu & Hyeonjun Kim & Cheolhee Jang & Sanghyun Park, 2018. "Does the Complexity of Evapotranspiration and Hydrological Models Enhance Robustness?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-34, August.
    5. Abderraouf Elferchichi & Giuseppina A. Giorgio & Nicola Lamaddalena & Maria Ragosta & Vito Telesca, 2017. "Variability of Temperature and Its Impact on Reference Evapotranspiration: The Test Case of the Apulia Region (Southern Italy)," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(12), pages 1-15, December.
    6. Wang, Ruoyu & Bowling, Laura C. & Cherkauer, Keith A. & Cibin, Raj & Her, Younggu & Chaubey, Indrajeet, 2017. "Biophysical and hydrological effects of future climate change including trends in CO2, in the St. Joseph River watershed, Eastern Corn Belt," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 180(PB), pages 280-296.
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    1. Kibria, Saad & Masia, Sara & Sušnik, Janez & Hessels, Tim Martijn, 2021. "Critical comparison of actual evapotranspiration estimates using ground based, remotely sensed, and simulated data in the USA," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 248(C).

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