IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jscscx/v12y2023i5p266-d1136862.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Parent–Child Relationships from Adolescence to Adulthood: An Examination of Children’s and Parent’s Reports of Intergenerational Solidarity by Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status from 1994–2018 in the United States

Author

Listed:
  • Xing Zhang

    (College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA)

  • Annaliese Grant

    (Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA)

Abstract

Background: Parent–child relationships are increasingly central in family life due to the delayed transition to adulthood. Methods: Using data from Add Health and the Add Health Parent Study from 1994–2018, we examine changes in parent–child relationships reported by the child and the parent across gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) from ages 12–43 years old. We examine three broad categories of intergenerational solidarity: Affectual (closeness, relationship quality, and emotional support), associational (satisfaction with communication), and functional (financial and instrumental support). Results: For the overall sample, parent–child closeness remains high but decreases from ages 12–43. By gender, we find that daughters report lower relationship quality with their mothers and fathers in adolescence. By race and ethnicity, we find that parent–child closeness is highest among Black respondents. By SES, we find that respondents whose mothers attained less than a high school degree report the greatest mother–child closeness. Conclusions: Overall, parents remain an important source of emotional, instrumental, and financial support in the transition to adulthood, especially for Black and low-SES adolescents. It is important to pay attention to the intersectional nature of the parent–child relationship with regard to the timing of the life course and race, ethnicity, gender, and SES.

Suggested Citation

  • Xing Zhang & Annaliese Grant, 2023. "Parent–Child Relationships from Adolescence to Adulthood: An Examination of Children’s and Parent’s Reports of Intergenerational Solidarity by Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status from 19," Social Sciences, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-19, April.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jscscx:v:12:y:2023:i:5:p:266-:d:1136862
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/12/5/266/pdf
    Download Restriction: no

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/12/5/266/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Daniel Lichter, 2013. "Integration or Fragmentation? Racial Diversity and the American Future," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 50(2), pages 359-391, April.
    2. Udry, J.R. & Li, R.M. & Hendrickson-Smith, J., 2003. "Health and Behavior Risks of Adolescents with Mixed-Race Identity," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 93(11), pages 1865-1870.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Xing Zhang & Daniel B. Lee, 2023. "School Prejudice and Substance Use from Adolescence to Emerging Adulthood in the United States: Variation across Race and Ethnicity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-12, February.
    2. Kenneth M. Johnson & Daniel T. Lichter, 2016. "Diverging Demography: Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Contributions to U.S. Population Redistribution and Diversity," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 35(5), pages 705-725, October.
    3. Albert Sabater & Gemma Catney, 2019. "Unpacking Summary Measures of Ethnic Residential Segregation Using an Age Group and Age Cohort Perspective," European Journal of Population, Springer;European Association for Population Studies, vol. 35(1), pages 161-189, February.
    4. Brian Thiede & Matthew M. Brooks, 2018. "Child poverty across immigrant generations in the United States, 1993–2016: Evidence using the official and supplemental poverty measures," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 39(40), pages 1065-1080.
    5. Colleen Heflin & Yumiko Aratani, "undated". "Changing Demography of Social Safety Net Programs," Mathematica Policy Research Reports c9e0efd7b100438ebd0c3a106, Mathematica Policy Research.
    6. Brewer, Mackenzie & Kimbro, Rachel Tolbert, 2014. "Neighborhood context and immigrant children's physical activity," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 116(C), pages 1-9.
    7. Jenifer L. Bratter, 2018. "Multiracial Identification and Racial Gaps: A Work in Progress," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 677(1), pages 69-80, May.
    8. Fletcher, Jason M. & Ross, Stephen L. & Zhang, Yuxiu, 2020. "The consequences of friendships: Evidence on the effect of social relationships in school on academic achievement," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
    9. William AV Clark & John Östh, 2018. "Measuring isolation across space and over time with new tools: Evidence from Californian metropolitan regions," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 45(6), pages 1038-1054, November.
    10. Richelle L. Winkler & Kenneth M. Johnson, 2016. "Moving Toward Integration? Effects of Migration on Ethnoracial Segregation Across the Rural-Urban Continuum," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 53(4), pages 1027-1049, August.
    11. Jen’nan Ghazal Read & Scott M. Lynch & Jessica S. West, 2021. "Disaggregating Heterogeneity among Non-Hispanic Whites: Evidence and Implications for U.S. Racial/Ethnic Health Disparities," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 40(1), pages 9-31, February.
    12. Barrett Lee & Lauren Hughes, 2015. "Bucking the Trend: Is Ethnoracial Diversity Declining in American Communities?," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 34(1), pages 113-139, February.
    13. Daniel T. Lichter & Zhenchao Qian & Dmitry Tumin, 2015. "Whom Do Immigrants Marry? Emerging Patterns of Intermarriage and Integration in the United States," The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, , vol. 662(1), pages 57-78, November.
    14. Jeffrey Napierala & Nancy Denton, 2017. "Measuring Residential Segregation With the ACS: How the Margin of Error Affects the Dissimilarity Index," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 54(1), pages 285-309, February.
    15. Eileen Díaz McConnell & Michael Rodríguez-Muñiz, 2023. "Exploring Popular Sentiments of U.S. Ethnoracial Demographic Change: A Research Brief," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 42(6), pages 1-14, December.
    16. Elizabeth Ackert & Robert Crosnoe & Tama Leventhal, 2019. "New Destinations and the Early Childhood Education of Mexican-Origin Children," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 56(5), pages 1607-1634, October.
    17. Elizabeth Ackert, 2017. "Determinants of Mexican-Origin Dropout: The Roles of Mexican Latino/a Destinations and Immigrant Generation," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 36(3), pages 379-414, June.
    18. Stanley R. Bailey & Aliya Saperstein & Andrew Penner, 2014. "Race, color, and income inequality across the Americas," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 31(24), pages 735-756.
    19. Jeremy Pais, 2021. "The Intergenerational Reproduction of Multiethnic Residential Integration," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 40(3), pages 431-458, June.
    20. Samson, Frank L., 2015. "Racial resentment and smoking," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 126(C), pages 164-168.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jscscx:v:12:y:2023:i:5:p:266-:d:1136862. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.