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Biofuel, Bioenergy and Feed Valorization of By-Products and Residues from Hevea brasiliensis Cultivation to Enhance Sustainability

Author

Listed:
  • Andrea Pizzi

    (Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy)

  • Daniele Duca

    (Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy)

  • Giorgio Rossini

    (Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy)

  • Sara Fabrizi

    (Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy)

  • Giuseppe Toscano

    (Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy)

Abstract

In the latex production chain, rubber tree seeds ( Hevea brasiliensis ) represent an underutilized fraction with high potentialities, which can increase the sustainability of the whole process if rightly valorized. In the present study, the quality of all the fractions obtained from the rubber fruit were evaluated, with the aim to identify possible applications for their valorization with a circular economy perspective. Seeds from five different varieties of rubber tree were analyzed. Furthermore, a whole mass and energy balance was defined, which has allowed us to define hypothetical production scenarios. The obtained results show negligible differences among varieties. Shells and capsules have shown a composition similar to woody biomass, with high heating values (more than 16.5 MJ kg −1 ), low nitrogen content (below 0.5% on weight basis ( w/w )) and reduced ash content (0.51% w/w and 1.90% w/w , respectively). Kernels were chemically extracted comparing two different solvents: n-hexane and ethanol. Both solvents showed similar extraction yields, i.e., 49% w/w and 46% w/w for n-hexane and ethanol, respectively. The resulting extraction flour was characterized by a high protein content (around 40% w/w ) making it suitable for animal feeding. The rubber seed oil could be used in blends of different vegetable oils for biodiesel production. All this information is useful for improving the sustainability of the latex production chain and to assess the sustainability of possible bioenergy value chains.

Suggested Citation

  • Andrea Pizzi & Daniele Duca & Giorgio Rossini & Sara Fabrizi & Giuseppe Toscano, 2020. "Biofuel, Bioenergy and Feed Valorization of By-Products and Residues from Hevea brasiliensis Cultivation to Enhance Sustainability," Resources, MDPI, vol. 9(9), pages 1-17, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jresou:v:9:y:2020:i:9:p:114-:d:414843
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Zhu, Yixin & Xu, Jianchu & Mortimer, Peter E., 2011. "The influence of seed and oil storage on the acid levels of rubber seed oil, derived from Hevea brasiliensis grown in Xishuangbanna, China," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 36(8), pages 5403-5408.
    2. Ramadhas, A.S. & Jayaraj, S. & Muraleedharan, C., 2005. "Characterization and effect of using rubber seed oil as fuel in the compression ignition engines," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 30(5), pages 795-803.
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    Cited by:

    1. Tareq Salameh & Hegazy Rezk & Usama Issa & Siti Kartom Kamarudin & Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem & Abdul Ghani Olabi & Malek Alkasrawi, 2023. "Boosting Biodiesel Production from Dairy-Washed Scum Oil Using Beetle Antennae Search Algorithm and Fuzzy Modelling," Resources, MDPI, vol. 12(11), pages 1-14, November.
    2. Daniele Duca & Giuseppe Toscano, 2022. "Biomass Energy Resources: Feedstock Quality and Bioenergy Sustainability," Resources, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-6, June.
    3. Vladimir Markov & Vyacheslav Kamaltdinov & Sergey Devyanin & Bowen Sa & Anatoly Zherdev & Viktor Furman, 2021. "Investigation of the Influence of Different Vegetable Oils as a Component of Blended Biofuel on Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine for Agricultural Machinery and Commercial Ve," Resources, MDPI, vol. 10(8), pages 1-23, July.

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