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X-STATIS: A Multivariate Approach to Characterize the Evolution of E-Participation, from a Global Perspective

Author

Listed:
  • Carmen C. Rodríguez-Martínez

    (Departamento de Estadística, Universidad de Panama, Panama City 0824, Panama)

  • Mitzi Cubilla-Montilla

    (Departamento de Estadística, Universidad de Panama, Panama City 0824, Panama
    Sistema Nacional de Investigación, Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT), Panama City 0824, Panama)

  • Purificación Vicente-Galindo

    (Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain)

  • Purificación Galindo-Villardón

    (Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
    Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Estadísticas, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Ecuador
    Centro de Investigación Institucional, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Av. Viel 1497, Santiago de Chile 8370993, Chile)

Abstract

This paper aims to categorize countries by their e-participation index, according to political, capacity, and governmental environment factors; examine how they are projected based on these factors; and analyze whether this projection corresponds to the current state of e-participation development. It is the first study to provide an overview of the e-participation level using multivariate analysis techniques for three-way data analysis, specifically, the X-STATIS methodology and cluster analysis. These techniques enable the simultaneous representation of countries, factors, conditions, trajectories, and groupings, taking into account national conditions in the evolution of e-participation from 2008 to 2016. The results show that when the conditions of each country interact with the level of e-participation development, and depending on the economic development, 7% of countries are lagging behind in e-participation evolution, given their institutional and political capacity. This delay is particularly relevant in countries that enjoy a higher level of socioeconomic status. Meanwhile, 38% are above the level they would correspond to.

Suggested Citation

  • Carmen C. Rodríguez-Martínez & Mitzi Cubilla-Montilla & Purificación Vicente-Galindo & Purificación Galindo-Villardón, 2023. "X-STATIS: A Multivariate Approach to Characterize the Evolution of E-Participation, from a Global Perspective," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(6), pages 1-15, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:11:y:2023:i:6:p:1492-:d:1101044
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    References listed on IDEAS

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