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Prediction of a Sensitive Feature under Indirect Questioning via Warner’s Randomized Response Technique and Latent Class Model

Author

Listed:
  • Shen-Ming Lee

    (Department of Statistics, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan)

  • Phuoc-Loc Tran

    (Department of Mathematics, College of Natural Science, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam)

  • Truong-Nhat Le

    (Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)

  • Chin-Shang Li

    (School of Nursing, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA)

Abstract

We investigate the association of a sensitive characteristic or latent variable with observed binary random variables by the randomized response (RR) technique of Warner in his publication (Warner, S.L. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1965 , 60 , 63–69) and a latent class model. First, an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is provided to easily estimate the parameters of the null and alternative/full models for the association between a sensitive characteristic and an observed categorical random variable under the RR design of Warner’s paper above. The likelihood ratio test (LRT) is utilized to identify observed categorical random variables that are significantly related to the sensitive trait. Another EM algorithm is then presented to estimate the parameters of a latent class model constructed through the sensitive attribute and the observed binary random variables that are obtained from dichotomizing observed categorical random variables selected from the above LRT. Finally, two classification criteria are conducted to predict an individual in the sensitive or non-sensitive group. The practicality of the proposed methodology is illustrated with an actual data set from a survey study of the sexuality of first-year students, except international students, at Feng Chia University in Taiwan in 2016.

Suggested Citation

  • Shen-Ming Lee & Phuoc-Loc Tran & Truong-Nhat Le & Chin-Shang Li, 2023. "Prediction of a Sensitive Feature under Indirect Questioning via Warner’s Randomized Response Technique and Latent Class Model," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(2), pages 1-21, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:11:y:2023:i:2:p:345-:d:1029960
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Heiko Groenitz, 2018. "Logistic regression analyses for indirect data," Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(16), pages 3838-3856, August.
    2. Pei-Chieh Chang & Kim-Hung Pho & Shen-Ming Lee & Chin-Shang Li, 2021. "Estimation of parameters of logistic regression for two-stage randomized response technique," Computational Statistics, Springer, vol. 36(3), pages 2111-2133, September.
    3. Graeme Blair & Kosuke Imai & Yang-Yang Zhou, 2015. "Design and Analysis of the Randomized Response Technique," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 110(511), pages 1304-1319, September.
    4. Shen‐Ming Lee & Truong‐Nhat Le & Phuoc‐Loc Tran & Chin‐Shang Li, 2022. "Investigating the association of a sensitive attribute with a random variable using the Christofides generalised randomised response design and Bayesian methods," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 71(5), pages 1471-1502, November.
    5. Kuo‐Chung Huang, 2004. "A survey technique for estimating the proportion and sensitivity in a dichotomous finite population," Statistica Neerlandica, Netherlands Society for Statistics and Operations Research, vol. 58(1), pages 75-82, February.
    6. Heiko Groenitz, 2014. "A new privacy-protecting survey design for multichotomous sensitive variables," Metrika: International Journal for Theoretical and Applied Statistics, Springer, vol. 77(2), pages 211-224, February.
    7. Heiko Groenitz, 2015. "Using prior information in privacy-protecting survey designs for categorical sensitive variables," Statistical Papers, Springer, vol. 56(1), pages 167-189, February.
    8. Hsieh, S.H. & Lee, S.M. & Shen, P.S., 2009. "Semiparametric analysis of randomized response data with missing covariates in logistic regression," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 53(7), pages 2673-2692, May.
    9. Shu-Hui Hsieh & Shen-Ming Lee & Su-Hao Tu, 2018. "Randomized response techniques for a multi-level attribute using a single sensitive question," Statistical Papers, Springer, vol. 59(1), pages 291-306, March.
    10. Bengt Muthén & Kerby Shedden, 1999. "Finite Mixture Modeling with Mixture Outcomes Using the EM Algorithm," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 55(2), pages 463-469, June.
    11. Shu-Hui Hsieh & Shen-Ming Lee & Chin-Shang Li, 2022. "A Two-stage Multilevel Randomized Response Technique With Proportional Odds Models and Missing Covariates," Sociological Methods & Research, , vol. 51(1), pages 439-467, February.
    12. Jun-Wu Yu & Guo-Liang Tian & Man-Lai Tang, 2008. "Two new models for survey sampling with sensitive characteristic: design and analysis," Metrika: International Journal for Theoretical and Applied Statistics, Springer, vol. 67(3), pages 251-263, April.
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    1. Truong-Nhat Le & Shen-Ming Lee & Phuoc-Loc Tran & Chin-Shang Li, 2023. "Randomized Response Techniques: A Systematic Review from the Pioneering Work of Warner (1965) to the Present," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(7), pages 1-26, April.

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