IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jmathe/v11y2023i10p2269-d1145941.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Hierarchical Control Strategy with Battery Dynamic Consideration for a Dual Fuel Cell/Battery Tramway

Author

Listed:
  • Tri-Cuong Do

    (School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehakro 93, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea)

  • Hoai-An Trinh

    (School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehakro 93, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea)

  • Kyoung-Kwan Ahn

    (School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, University of Ulsan, Daehakro 93, Nam-gu, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

This paper proposes a hierarchical energy control strategy for a hybrid dual fuel cell/battery tramway, combining online and offline optimization methods while considering the battery’s dynamic behavior. In the upper layer, an online band-pass filter-based extremum-seeking control (BFESC) is employed to estimate the reference power between the dual fuel cell system and battery. In addition, the battery’s dynamic behavior is considered a penalty function of the BFESC to maintain its parameters within the desired boundaries. In the middle layer, the power requirement for each fuel cell system is calculated by using an offline method called the map search method. Finally, the fuel cell and battery provide the required power to the DC bus through DC/DC converters, which are controlled by PID controllers in the lower layer. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, a simulation model is built in Matlab/Simulink. The results demonstrate that the dual fuel cell/battery system under the control of the proposed energy management strategy (EMS) can operate efficiently while improving the battery’s durability. The efficiency of the fuel cell system when using the proposed EMS was lower than 4% compared with the non-constraint EMS. However, the capacity loss of the battery could improve up to 25.9% in high-current and high-SOC cases.

Suggested Citation

  • Tri-Cuong Do & Hoai-An Trinh & Kyoung-Kwan Ahn, 2023. "Hierarchical Control Strategy with Battery Dynamic Consideration for a Dual Fuel Cell/Battery Tramway," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(10), pages 1-19, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:11:y:2023:i:10:p:2269-:d:1145941
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/10/2269/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7390/11/10/2269/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Nikita V. Martyushev & Boris V. Malozyomov & Svetlana N. Sorokova & Egor A. Efremenkov & Mengxu Qi, 2023. "Mathematical Modeling of the State of the Battery of Cargo Electric Vehicles," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-19, January.
    2. Tri Cuong Do & Hoai Vu Anh Truong & Hoang Vu Dao & Cong Minh Ho & Xuan Dinh To & Tri Dung Dang & Kyoung Kwan Ahn, 2019. "Energy Management Strategy of a PEM Fuel Cell Excavator with a Supercapacitor/Battery Hybrid Power Source," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-24, November.
    3. Mohamed Derbeli & Asma Charaabi & Oscar Barambones & Cristian Napole, 2021. "High-Performance Tracking for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System PEMFC Using Model Predictive Control," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-17, May.
    4. Hyeongjin Ham & Kyuhong Han & Hyeongcheol Lee, 2013. "Battery System Modeling for a Military Electric Propulsion Vehicle with a Fault Simulation," Energies, MDPI, vol. 6(10), pages 1-14, October.
    5. Wu, Jian & Wang, Xiangyu & Li, Liang & Qin, Cun'an & Du, Yongchang, 2018. "Hierarchical control strategy with battery aging consideration for hybrid electric vehicle regenerative braking control," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 145(C), pages 301-312.
    6. Song, Ke & Wang, Xiaodi & Li, Feiqiang & Sorrentino, Marco & Zheng, Bailin, 2020. "Pontryagin’s minimum principle-based real-time energy management strategy for fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle considering both fuel economy and power source durability," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C).
    7. Zhang, Caizhi & Zeng, Tao & Wu, Qi & Deng, Chenghao & Chan, Siew Hwa & Liu, Zhixiang, 2021. "Improved efficiency maximization strategy for vehicular dual-stack fuel cell system considering load state of sub-stacks through predictive soft-loading," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 929-944.
    8. Van Du Phan & Hoai-An Trinh & Kyoung Kwan Ahn, 2023. "Finite-Time Command Filtered Control for Oxygen-Excess Ratio of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Systems with Prescribed Performance," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-17, February.
    9. Nicu Bizon & Phatiphat Thounthong, 2020. "Energy Efficiency and Fuel Economy of a Fuel Cell/Renewable Energy Sources Hybrid Power System with the Load-Following Control of the Fueling Regulators," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 8(2), pages 1-22, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Abd Ur Rehman & Minsung Kim & Jin-Woo Jung, 2023. "State-Plane Trajectory-Based Duty Control of a Resonant Bidirectional DC/DC Converter with Balanced Capacitors Stress," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(14), pages 1-17, July.
    2. Sanghyun Yun & Jinwon Yun & Jaeyoung Han, 2023. "Development of a 470-Horsepower Fuel Cell–Battery Hybrid Xcient Dynamic Model Using Simscape TM," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(24), pages 1-22, December.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Harasis, Salman & Khan, Irfan & Massoud, Ahmed, 2024. "Enabling large-scale integration of electric bus fleets in harsh environments: Possibilities, potentials, and challenges," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 300(C).
    2. Nikita V. Martyushev & Boris V. Malozyomov & Svetlana N. Sorokova & Egor A. Efremenkov & Denis V. Valuev & Mengxu Qi, 2023. "Review Models and Methods for Determining and Predicting the Reliability of Technical Systems and Transport," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(15), pages 1-31, July.
    3. Ma, Yan & Hu, Fuyuan & Hu, Yunfeng, 2023. "Energy efficiency improvement of intelligent fuel cell/battery hybrid vehicles through an integrated management strategy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 263(PE).
    4. Do, Tri Cuong & Dinh, Truong Quang & Yu, Yingxiao & Ahn, Kyoung Kwan, 2023. "Innovative powertrain and advanced energy management strategy for hybrid hydraulic excavators," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 282(C).
    5. Manfred Dollinger & Gerhard Fischerauer, 2023. "Physics-Based Prediction for the Consumption and Emissions of Passenger Vehicles and Light Trucks up to 2050," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-29, April.
    6. Pranjal Barman & Lachit Dutta & Brian Azzopardi, 2023. "Electric Vehicle Battery Supply Chain and Critical Materials: A Brief Survey of State of the Art," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-23, April.
    7. Brumana, Giovanni & Franchini, Giuseppe & Ghirardi, Elisa & Perdichizzi, Antonio, 2022. "Techno-economic optimization of hybrid power generation systems: A renewables community case study," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 246(C).
    8. Wu, Jinglai & Zhang, Yunqing & Ruan, Jiageng & Liang, Zhaowen & Liu, Kai, 2023. "Rule and optimization combined real-time energy management strategy for minimizing cost of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    9. Li, Da & Zhang, Zhaosheng & Zhou, Litao & Liu, Peng & Wang, Zhenpo & Deng, Junjun, 2022. "Multi-time-step and multi-parameter prediction for real-world proton exchange membrane fuel cell vehicles (PEMFCVs) toward fault prognosis and energy consumption prediction," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 325(C).
    10. Águila-León, Jesús & Vargas-Salgado, Carlos & Díaz-Bello, Dácil & Montagud-Montalvá, Carla, 2024. "Optimizing photovoltaic systems: A meta-optimization approach with GWO-Enhanced PSO algorithm for improving MPPT controllers," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    11. Tri Cuong Do & Hoai Vu Anh Truong & Hoang Vu Dao & Cong Minh Ho & Xuan Dinh To & Tri Dung Dang & Kyoung Kwan Ahn, 2019. "Energy Management Strategy of a PEM Fuel Cell Excavator with a Supercapacitor/Battery Hybrid Power Source," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(22), pages 1-24, November.
    12. Iqbal, Mehroze & Laurent, Julien & Benmouna, Amel & Becherif, Mohamed & Ramadan, Haitham S. & Claude, Frederic, 2022. "Ageing-aware load following control for composite-cost optimal energy management of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 254(PA).
    13. Yang Gao & Changhong Liu & Yuan Liang & Sadegh Kouhestani Hamed & Fuwei Wang & Bo Bi, 2022. "Minimizing Energy Consumption and Powertrain Cost of Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles with Consideration of Different Driving Cycles and SOC Ranges," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(17), pages 1-12, August.
    14. Zhou, Hongxu & Yu, Zhongwei & Wu, Xiaohua & Fan, Zhanfeng & Yin, Xiaofeng & Zhou, Lingxue, 2023. "Dynamic programming improved online fuzzy power distribution in a demonstration fuel cell hybrid bus," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 284(C).
    15. Macias, A. & Kandidayeni, M. & Boulon, L. & Trovão, J.P., 2021. "Fuel cell-supercapacitor topologies benchmark for a three-wheel electric vehicle powertrain," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 224(C).
    16. Ma, Shuai & Lin, Meng & Lin, Tzu-En & Lan, Tian & Liao, Xun & Maréchal, François & Van herle, Jan & Yang, Yongping & Dong, Changqing & Wang, Ligang, 2021. "Fuel cell-battery hybrid systems for mobility and off-grid applications: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 135(C).
    17. Zhou, Jiaxuan & Peng, Jiankun & Wu, Jingda & Wei, Zhongbao & Fan, Yi & Guo, Xin, 2024. "Multi-performance enhanced eco-driving strategy for connected fuel cell hybrid electric bus based on stein soft actor-3-critic," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    18. Andrzej Wilk & Daniel Węcel, 2020. "Measurements Based Analysis of the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Operation in Transient State and Power of Own Needs," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-19, January.
    19. Bo, Lin & Han, Lijin & Xiang, Changle & Liu, Hui & Ma, Tian, 2022. "A Q-learning fuzzy inference system based online energy management strategy for off-road hybrid electric vehicles," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 252(C).
    20. Changqing Du & Shiyang Huang & Yuyao Jiang & Dongmei Wu & Yang Li, 2022. "Optimization of Energy Management Strategy for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Dynamic Programming," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-25, June.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:11:y:2023:i:10:p:2269-:d:1145941. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.