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Monitoring of Land Use–Land Cover Change and Potential Causal Factors of Climate Change in Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan, through GIS and Multi-Temporal Satellite Data

Author

Listed:
  • Muhammad Majeed

    (Department of Botany, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat 50700, Punjab, Pakistan
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Aqil Tariq

    (State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Muhammad Mushahid Anwar

    (Department of Geography, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat 50700, Punjab, Pakistan)

  • Arshad Mahmood Khan

    (Department of Botany, Govt. Hashmat Ali Islamia Associate College Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi 46300, Punjab, Pakistan)

  • Fahim Arshad

    (Department of Botany, University of Okara, Okara 56300, Punjab, Pakistan)

  • Faisal Mumtaz

    (Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 101408, China)

  • Muhammad Farhan

    (School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)

  • Lili Zhang

    (Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    Zhongke Langfang Institute of Spatial Information Applications, Langfang 065001, China)

  • Aroosa Zafar

    (Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan)

  • Marjan Aziz

    (Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal 48650, Punjab, Pakistan)

  • Sanaullah Abbasi

    (Department of Biochemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur 66020, Sindh, Pakistan)

  • Ghani Rahman

    (Department of Geography, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat 50700, Punjab, Pakistan)

  • Sajjad Hussain

    (Department of Environmental Science, Comsats University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari 61100, Punjab, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Waheed

    (Department of Botany, University of Okara, Okara 56300, Punjab, Pakistan)

  • Kaniz Fatima

    (Department of Botany, University of Okara, Okara 56300, Punjab, Pakistan)

  • Shadab Shaukat

    (Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Punjab, Pakistan)

Abstract

Land use–land cover (LULC) alteration is primarily associated with land degradation, especially in recent decades, and has resulted in various harmful changes in the landscape. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has the prospective capacity to classify the vegetative characteristics of many ecological areas and has proven itself useful as a remote sensing (RS) tool in recording vegetative phenological aspects. Likewise, the normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) is used for quoting built-up areas. The current research objectives include identification of LULC, NDVI, and NDBI changes in Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan, during the last 30 years (1990–2020). This study targeted five major LULC classes: water channels, built-up area, barren land, forest, and cultivated land. Satellite imagery classification tools were used to identify LULC changes in Jhelum District, northern Punjab, Pakistan. The perception data about the environmental variations as conveyed by the 500 participants (mainly farmers) were also recorded and analyzed. The results depict that the majority of farmers (54%) believe in the appearance of more drastic changes such as less rainfall, drought, and decreased water availability for irrigation during 2020 compared to 30 years prior. Overall accuracy assessment of imagery classification was 83.2% and 88.8% for 1990, 88.1% and 85.7% for 2000, 86.5% and 86.7% for 2010, and 85.6% and 87.3% for 2020. The NDVI for Jhelum District was the highest in 1990 at +0.86 and the lowest in 2020 at +0.32; similarly, NDBI values were the highest in 2020 at +0.72 and the lowest in 1990 at −0.36. LULC change showed a clear association with temperature, NDBI, and NDVI in the study area. At the same time, variations in the land area of barren soil, vegetation, and built-up from 1990 to 2020 were quite prominent, possibly resulting in temperature increases, reduction in water for irrigation, and changing rainfall patterns. Farmers were found to be quite responsive to such climatic variations, diverting to framing possible mitigation approaches, but they need government assistance. The findings of this study, especially the causes and impacts of rapid LULC variations in the study area, need immediate attention from related government departments and policy makers.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Majeed & Aqil Tariq & Muhammad Mushahid Anwar & Arshad Mahmood Khan & Fahim Arshad & Faisal Mumtaz & Muhammad Farhan & Lili Zhang & Aroosa Zafar & Marjan Aziz & Sanaullah Abbasi & Ghani Rahma, 2021. "Monitoring of Land Use–Land Cover Change and Potential Causal Factors of Climate Change in Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan, through GIS and Multi-Temporal Satellite Data," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-17, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:10:y:2021:i:10:p:1026-:d:647365
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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    4. Sonam Wangyel Wang & Belay Manjur Gebru & Munkhnasan Lamchin & Rijan Bhakta Kayastha & Woo-Kyun Lee, 2020. "Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection and Prediction in the Kathmandu District of Nepal Using Remote Sensing and GIS," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-18, May.
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    Cited by:

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    2. Zhe Li & Feng Wu & Huiqiang Ma & Zhanjun Xu & Shaohua Wang, 2022. "Spatiotemporal Evolution and Relationship between Night Time Light and Land Surface Temperature: A Case Study of Beijing, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(4), pages 1-24, April.
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    4. Kamal Hussain & Fazlur Rahman & Ihsan Ullah & Zahir Ahmad & Udo Schickhoff, 2024. "Animals Feed in Transition: Intricate Interplay of Land Use Land Cover Change and Fodder Sources in Kurram Valley, Pakistan," Resources, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-21, February.
    5. Sajjad Hussain & Muhammad Mubeen & Wajid Nasim & Shah Fahad & Musaddiq Ali & Muhammad Azhar Ehsan & Ali Raza, 2023. "Investigation of Irrigation Water Requirement and Evapotranspiration for Water Resource Management in Southern Punjab, Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-16, January.
    6. Seema Mehra Parihar & Vijendra Kumar Pandey & Anshu & Karuna Shree & Khusro Moin & Mohammed Baber Ali & Kanchana Narasimhan & Jeetesh Rai & Azka Kamil, 2022. "Land Use Dynamics and Impact on Regional Climate Post-Tehri Dam in the Bhilangana Basin, Garhwal Himalaya," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-16, August.
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