IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jjrfmx/v15y2022i3p135-d769185.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Interplay between Digitalization, Education and Financial Development: A European Case Study

Author

Listed:
  • Alexandra Horobet

    (Department of International Business and Economics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, 010374 Bucharest, Romania)

  • Irina Mnohoghitnei

    (Department of International Business and Economics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, 010374 Bucharest, Romania
    The paper was produced when the author worked at the Bank of England. However, any views expressed in this paper are solely of the author’s and cannot be taken to represent those of the Bank of England or to state Bank of England policy. This paper should therefore not be reported as representing the views of the Bank of England.)

  • Emanuela Marinela Luminita Zlatea

    (Department of International Business and Economics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, 010374 Bucharest, Romania)

  • Lucian Belascu

    (Department of Management, Marketing and Business Administration, “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, 550324 Sibiu, Romania)

Abstract

The paper explores the relationship between education, digitalization, and financial development between 1996 and 2019 with the aim of showcasing the differences between developed and emerging economies in Europe. We use a Bayesian VAR framework that includes variables related to education, digitalization, and financial development, as well as several endogenous variables to control for differences between countries in terms of nominal GDP growth, unemployment rate, and trade openness. Our findings clearly demonstrate the dynamic interdependence between financial development—including its two main components, financial institutions, and financial markets, digitalization, and education. Furthermore, we find that education is a leading variable in the financial development–education–digitalization nexus, whereas financial development and digitalization are laggard variables. These findings open possibilities for influencing joint policies on digitalization, education, and financial development, particularly in emerging European countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Alexandra Horobet & Irina Mnohoghitnei & Emanuela Marinela Luminita Zlatea & Lucian Belascu, 2022. "The Interplay between Digitalization, Education and Financial Development: A European Case Study," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-23, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:15:y:2022:i:3:p:135-:d:769185
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/15/3/135/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/15/3/135/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Emiliano Grossman & Patrick Leblond, 2011. "European Financial Integration: Finally the Great Leap Forward?," Journal of Common Market Studies, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 49(2), pages 413-435, March.
    2. Yilmaz Bayar & Marius Dan Gavriletea, 2018. "Foreign Direct Investment Inflows and Financial Development in Central and Eastern European Union Countries: A Panel Cointegration and Causality," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 6(2), pages 1-13, May.
    3. Uhlig, Harald, 2005. "What are the effects of monetary policy on output? Results from an agnostic identification procedure," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 52(2), pages 381-419, March.
    4. Sarika Pruthi & Jay Mitra, 2018. "Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies," Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, vol. 4(1), pages 93-99, January.
    5. Robert M. Solow, 1956. "A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 70(1), pages 65-94.
    6. Chinn, Menzie D. & Ito, Hiro, 2006. "What matters for financial development? Capital controls, institutions, and interactions," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(1), pages 163-192, October.
    7. Canova, Fabio & Ciccarelli, Matteo, 2013. "Panel Vector Autoregressive Models: A Survey," CEPR Discussion Papers 9380, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    8. Morales, María F., 2003. "Financial Intermediation In A Model Of Growth Through Creative Destruction," Macroeconomic Dynamics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 7(3), pages 363-393, June.
    9. Horobet, Alexandra & Lupu, Radu, 2009. "Are Capital Markets Integrated? A Test of Information Transmission within the European Union," Journal for Economic Forecasting, Institute for Economic Forecasting, vol. 6(2), pages 64-80, June.
    10. Kunofiwa Tsaurai, 2018. "Is The Complementarity Between Education And Financial Development A Panacea For Poverty Reduction?," Journal of Developing Areas, Tennessee State University, College of Business, vol. 52(4), pages 227-248, October-D.
    11. Joseph E. Stiglitz, 2003. "Information and the Change in the Paradigm in Economics, Part 1," The American Economist, Sage Publications, vol. 47(2), pages 6-26, October.
    12. Raffaella Giacomini & Barbara Rossi, 2016. "Model Comparisons In Unstable Environments," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 57(2), pages 369-392, May.
    13. Fratzscher, Marcel, 2012. "Capital flows, push versus pull factors and the global financial crisis," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(2), pages 341-356.
    14. Muhammad Awais Baloch & Ilhan Ozturk & Festus Victor Bekun & Danish Khan, 2021. "Modeling the dynamic linkage between financial development, energy innovation, and environmental quality: Does globalization matter?," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 30(1), pages 176-184, January.
    15. Sims, Christopher A & Uhlig, Harald, 1991. "Understanding Unit Rooters: A Helicopter Tour," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 59(6), pages 1591-1599, November.
    16. Hassan, M. Kabir & Sanchez, Benito & Yu, Jung-Suk, 2011. "Financial development and economic growth: New evidence from panel data," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 51(1), pages 88-104, February.
    17. Mylonidis, Nikolaos & Kollias, Christos, 2010. "Dynamic European stock market convergence: Evidence from rolling cointegration analysis in the first euro-decade," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 34(9), pages 2056-2064, September.
    18. Simplice A. Asongu & Joseph Nnanna & Vanessa S. Tchamyou, 2020. "The comparative African regional economics of globalization in financial allocation efficiency: the pre-crisis era revisited," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 6(1), pages 1-41, December.
    19. Greenwood, Jeremy & Smith, Bruce D., 1997. "Financial markets in development, and the development of financial markets," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, Elsevier, vol. 21(1), pages 145-181, January.
    20. Douglas W. Diamond, 1984. "Financial Intermediation and Delegated Monitoring," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 51(3), pages 393-414.
    21. Christos Savva & Nektarios Aslanidis, 2010. "Stock market integration between new EU member states and the Euro-zone," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 39(2), pages 337-351, October.
    22. Canh Phuc Nguyen & Thanh Dinh Su, 2021. "Financing the economy: The multidimensional influences of financial development on economic complexity," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(4), pages 644-684, May.
    23. Simplice Asongu, 2014. "Financial development dynamic thresholds of financial globalization," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 41(2), pages 166-195, March.
    24. Bats, Joost V. & Houben, Aerdt C.F.J., 2020. "Bank-based versus market-based financing: Implications for systemic risk," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 114(C).
    25. Njangang Henri & Nembot Ndeffo Luc & Nawo Larissa, 2019. "The Long‐run and Short‐run Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Financial Development in African Countries," African Development Review, African Development Bank, vol. 31(2), pages 216-229, June.
    26. Benos, Nikos & Zotou, Stefania, 2014. "Education and Economic Growth: A Meta-Regression Analysis," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 669-689.
    27. Robert G. King & Ross Levine, 1993. "Finance and Growth: Schumpeter Might Be Right," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 108(3), pages 717-737.
    28. Simona Moagăr-Poladian & Dorina Clichici & Cristian-Valeriu Stanciu, 2019. "The Comovement of Exchange Rates and Stock Markets in Central and Eastern Europe," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(14), pages 1-22, July.
    29. Madhu Sehrawat & A K Giri, 2015. "Financial development and economic growth: empirical evidence from India," Studies in Economics and Finance, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 32(3), pages 340-356, August.
    30. Erik Feyen & Jon Frost & Leonardo Gambacorta & Harish Natarajan & Matthew Saal, 2021. "Fintech and the digital transformation of financial services: implications for market structure and public policy," BIS Papers, Bank for International Settlements, number 117.
    31. Charles E. Bryant & Rajshekhar G. Javalgi, 2016. "Global Economic Integration in Developing Countries: The Role of Corruption and Human Capital Investment," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 136(3), pages 437-450, July.
    32. Habibi, Fateh & Zabardast, Mohamad Amjad, 2020. "Digitalization, education and economic growth: A comparative analysis of Middle East and OECD countries," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    33. Ross Levine, 1997. "Financial Development and Economic Growth: Views and Agenda," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 35(2), pages 688-726, June.
    34. Lutkepohl, Helmut & Poskitt, D S, 1996. "Specification of Echelon-Form VARMA Models," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 14(1), pages 69-79, January.
    35. Simplice A. Asongu & Joseph Nnanna, 2020. "Financial crisis, financial globalisation and financial development in Africa," Working Papers of the African Governance and Development Institute. 20/049, African Governance and Development Institute..
    36. Zühal Kurul & A. Yasemin Yalta, 2017. "Relationship between Institutional Factors and FDI Flows in Developing Countries: New Evidence from Dynamic Panel Estimation," Economies, MDPI, vol. 5(2), pages 1-10, May.
    37. Levine, Ross, 2005. "Finance and Growth: Theory and Evidence," Handbook of Economic Growth, in: Philippe Aghion & Steven Durlauf (ed.), Handbook of Economic Growth, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 12, pages 865-934, Elsevier.
    38. Lucas, Robert Jr., 1988. "On the mechanics of economic development," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 22(1), pages 3-42, July.
    39. Sonja Davidovic & Ms. Elena Loukoianova & Cormac Sullivan & Hervé Tourpe, 2019. "Strategy for Fintech Applications in the Pacific Island Countries," IMF Departmental Papers / Policy Papers 2019/012, International Monetary Fund.
    40. Cheng, Chih-Yang & Chien, Mei-Se & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2021. "ICT diffusion, financial development, and economic growth: An international cross-country analysis," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 662-671.
    41. Jagadish Prasad Bist, 2018. "Financial development and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of 16 African and non-African low-income countries," Cogent Economics & Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 6(1), pages 1449780-144, January.
    42. repec:imf:imfsdn:15/8 is not listed on IDEAS
    43. Sims, Christopher A, 1980. "Macroeconomics and Reality," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 48(1), pages 1-48, January.
    44. Bose, Niloy & Cothren, Richard, 1996. "Equilibrium loan contracts and endogenous growth in the presence of asymmetric information," Journal of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, vol. 38(2), pages 363-376, October.
    45. Donou-Adonsou, Ficawoyi, 2019. "Technology, education, and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa," Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 43(4), pages 353-360.
    46. Çiftçioğlu, Serhan & Bein, Murad A., 2017. "The Relationship between Financial Development and Unemployment in Selected Countries of the European Union," European Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 25(2), pages 307-319, May.
    47. Meskoub, M., 2018. "Financial services in the EU : Is there a problem of financial exclusion?," ISS Working Papers - General Series 638, International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus University Rotterdam (ISS), The Hague.
    48. Darko B. Vukovic & Edin Hanic & Hasan Hanic, 2017. "Financial Integration In The European Union - The Impact Of The Crisis On The Bond Market," Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 12(2), pages 195-210, June.
    49. Kim, Dong-Hyeon & Lin, Shu-Chin, 2011. "Nonlinearity in the financial developmentâincome inequality nexus," Journal of Comparative Economics, Elsevier, vol. 39(3), pages 310-325, September.
    50. Yazid Abdullahi Abubakar & Jay Mitra & Adeyeye Mercy Modupe, 2018. "Mobile Telephony and New Business Formation Rates in BRICS and Beyond: Does Human Capital Matter?," Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, vol. 4(2), pages 137-158, July.
    51. Ms. Ratna Sahay & Mr. Martin Cihak & Mr. Papa M N'Diaye & Mr. Adolfo Barajas & Ms. Diana B Ayala Pena & Ran Bi & Miss Yuan Gao & Ms. Annette J Kyobe & Lam Nguyen & Christian Saborowski & Katsiaryna Sv, 2015. "Rethinking Financial Deepening: Stability and Growth in Emerging Markets," IMF Staff Discussion Notes 2015/008, International Monetary Fund.
    52. Thorsten Beck & Asli Demirgüç-Kunt & Ross Levine, 2007. "Finance, inequality and the poor," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 27-49, March.
    53. Pelin Berkmen & Ms. Kimberly Beaton & Mr. Dmitry Gershenson & Mr. Javier Arze del Granado & Kotaro Ishi & Miss Marie S Kim & Emanuel Kopp & Mrs. Marina V Rousset, 2019. "Fintech in Latin America and the Caribbean: Stocktaking," IMF Working Papers 2019/071, International Monetary Fund.
    54. Bartram, Sohnke M. & Taylor, Stephen J. & Wang, Yaw-Huei, 2007. "The Euro and European financial market dependence," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(5), pages 1461-1481, May.
    55. Uhlig, Harald, 1994. "What Macroeconomists Should Know about Unit Roots: A Bayesian Perspective," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 10(3-4), pages 645-671, August.
    56. Mr. Amadou N Sy & Mr. Rodolfo Maino & Mr. Alexander Massara & Hector Perez-Saiz & Preya Sharma, 2019. "FinTech in Sub-Saharan African Countries: A Game Changer?," IMF Departmental Papers / Policy Papers 2019/004, International Monetary Fund.
    57. Mathieson, Donald J., 1980. "Financial reform and stabilization policy in a developing economy," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 7(3), pages 359-395, September.
    58. Raffaella Giacomini & Barbara Rossi, 2016. "Model Comparisons In Unstable Environments," International Economic Review, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 57, pages 369-392, May.
    59. Litterman, Robert, 1986. "Forecasting with Bayesian vector autoregressions -- Five years of experience : Robert B. Litterman, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 4 (1986) 25-38," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 2(4), pages 497-498.
    60. Sarika Pruthi & Jay Mitra, 2018. "Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies," Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, vol. 4(2), pages 209-209, July.
    61. Ratna Sahay & Martin Cihak & Papa M N'Diaye & Adolfo Barajas & Diana B Ayala Pena & Ran Bi & Yuan Gao & Annette J Kyobe & Lam Nguyen & Christian Saborowski & Katsiaryna Svirydzenka & Seyed Reza Yousef, 2015. "Rethinking Financial Deepening; Stability and Growth in Emerging Markets," IMF Staff Discussion Notes 15/08, International Monetary Fund.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Li, Shi & Chen, Lei & Jiang, Tao & Wang, YingJie & Shen, Congcong, 2024. "Multidimensional financial development and natural resources: A path for sustainable development via natural resources and digitalization," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    2. Alexandra Lavinia Horobeț & Irina Mnohoghitnei & Emanuela Marinela Luminița Zlatea & Alexandra Smedoiu-Popoviciu, 2023. "Determinants of E-Government Use in the European Union: An Empirical Analysis," Societies, MDPI, vol. 13(6), pages 1-17, June.
    3. Li, Ruoyu & Gan, Yufei & Bao, Yifei & Zhou, Yun & Si, Dingwen & Liu, Qian, 2024. "Natural resources efficiency in terms of digital economy: Institutional efficiency and digital economy from the lens of natural resources," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    4. Zhong, Yufei & Chen, Xuesheng & Yao, Xuehui & Wang, Zhixian & Chang, Hsu-Ling, 2024. "Natural resources and the trilemma of financial development, institutions, and markets: Sustainable development pathway via natural resources for China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Onur ÖZDEMİR, 2020. "Revisiting the Finance-Growth Nexus in Turkey: Bayer-Hanck Combined Cointegration Approach over the 1970-2016 Period," Sosyoekonomi Journal, Sosyoekonomi Society, issue 28(44).
    2. Mariusz Prochniak & Katarzyna Wasiak, 2017. "The impact of the financial system on economic growth in the context of the global crisis: empirical evidence for the EU and OECD countries," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 44(2), pages 295-337, May.
    3. Aqil Khan & Mumtaz Ahmed & Salma Bibi, 2019. "Financial development and economic growth nexus for Pakistan: a revisit using maximum entropy bootstrap approach," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 57(4), pages 1157-1169, October.
    4. James B. Ang, 2008. "A Survey Of Recent Developments In The Literature Of Finance And Growth," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 22(3), pages 536-576, July.
    5. Alessandro Giovannini & Maurizio Iacopetta & Raoul Minetti, 2013. "Financial Markets, Banks, and Growth : Disentangling the links," Revue de l'OFCE, Presses de Sciences-Po, vol. 0(5), pages 105-147.
    6. Guangdong Xu, 2022. "From financial structure to economic growth: Theory, evidence and challenges," Economic Notes, Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena SpA, vol. 51(1), February.
    7. Nataliia Osina, 2021. "Global governance and gross capital flows dynamics," Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv), Springer;Institut für Weltwirtschaft (Kiel Institute for the World Economy), vol. 157(3), pages 463-493, August.
    8. Çetin, Murat & Sarıgül, Sevgi Sümerli & Işık, Cem & Avcı, Pınar & Ahmad, Munir & Alvarado, Rafael, 2023. "The impact of natural resources, economic growth, savings, and current account balance on financial sector development: Theory and empirical evidence," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    9. Clement Olalekan Olaniyi & Sunday Idowu Oladeji, 2021. "Moderating the effect of institutional quality on the finance–growth nexus: insights from West African countries," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 54(1), pages 43-74, February.
    10. Samargandi, Nahla & Fidrmuc, Jan & Ghosh, Sugata, 2015. "Is the Relationship Between Financial Development and Economic Growth Monotonic? Evidence from a Sample of Middle-Income Countries," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 66-81.
    11. Akisik, Orhan & Gal, Graham, 2023. "IFRS, financial development and income inequality: An empirical study using mediation analysis," Economic Systems, Elsevier, vol. 47(2).
    12. Berger, Allen N. & Molyneux, Phil & Wilson, John O.S., 2020. "Banks and the real economy: An assessment of the research," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    13. Paul Auerbach & Jalal Uddin Siddiki, 2004. "Financial Liberalisation and Economic Development: An Assessment," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 18(3), pages 231-265, July.
    14. Ahmad Hassan Ahmad & Christopher Green & Fei Jiang, 2020. "Mobile Money, Financial Inclusion And Development: A Review With Reference To African Experience," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(4), pages 753-792, September.
    15. Siddiki, Jalal Uddin & Auerbach, Paul, 2000. "Economic development, finance and liberalisation: a survey and some unresolved issues," Economics Discussion Papers 2000-6, School of Economics, Kingston University London.
    16. Koetter, Michael & Wedow, Michael, 2010. "Finance and growth in a bank-based economy: Is it quantity or quality that matters?," Journal of International Money and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 29(8), pages 1529-1545, December.
    17. PINSHI, Christian P., 2020. "On the causal nature between financial development and economic growth in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Is it supply leading or demand following?," MPRA Paper 101837, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 14 Jul 2020.
    18. Christian Pinshi & Anselme M Kabeya, 2020. "Financial development and Economic growth in the Democratic Republic of the Congo : Supply leading or Demand following?," Working Papers hal-02886686, HAL.
    19. Trunin, Pavel (Трунин, Павел), 2015. "Analysis of the Level of Development of the Financial System in the Russian Federation [Анализ Уровня Развития Финансовой Системы В Российской Федерации]," Published Papers mn38, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
    20. Carton, Christine & Ronquillo, Cely, 2008. "Determinantes del crecimiento económico e intermediación bancaria: un análisis empírico para países latinoamericanos [Determinants of economic growth and bank intermediation: empirical analysis for," MPRA Paper 15514, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 25 Nov 2008.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:15:y:2022:i:3:p:135-:d:769185. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.