IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jjrfmx/v13y2020i9p194-d407222.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally

Author

Listed:
  • Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan

    (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh)

  • Md. Abul Kalam

    (Helen Keller International, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh)

  • Shahanaj Shano

    (Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh)

  • Md. Raihan Khan Nayem

    (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh)

  • Md. Kaisar Rahman

    (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
    EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001, USA)

  • Shahneaz Ali Khan

    (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh)

  • Ariful Islam

    (EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001, USA
    Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia)

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has manifested more than a health crisis and has severely impacted on social, economic, and development crises in the world. The relationship of COVID-19 with countries’ economic and other demographic statuses is an important criterion with which to assess the impact of this current outbreak. Based on available data from the online platform, we tested the hypotheses of a country’s economic status, population density, the median age of the population, and urbanization pattern influence on the test, attack, case fatality, and recovery rates of COVID-19. We performed correlation and multivariate multinomial regression analysis with relative risk ratio (RRR) to test the hypotheses. The correlation analysis showed that population density and test rate had a significantly negative association (r = −0.2384, p = 0.00). In contrast, the median age had a significant positive correlation with recovery rate (r = 0.4654, p = 0.00) and case fatality rate (r = 0.2847, p = 0.00). The urban population rate had a positive significant correlation with recovery rate (r = 0.1610, p = 0.04). Lower-middle-income countries had a negative significant correlation with case fatality rate (r= −0.3310, p = 0.04). The multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that low-income countries are more likely to have an increased risk of case fatality rate (RRR = 0.986, 95% Confidence Interval; CI = 0.97−1.00, p < 0.05) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.967, 95% CI = 0.95–0.98, p = 0.00). The lower-income countries are more likely to have a higher risk in case of attack rate (RRR = 0.981, 95% CI = 0.97–0.99, p = 0.00) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.971, 95% CI = 0.96–0.98, p = 0.00). Similarly, upper middle-income countries are more likely to have higher risk in case of attack rate (RRR = 0.988, 95% CI = 0.98–1.0, p = 0.01) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.978, 95% CI = 0.97–0.99, p = 0.00). The low- and lower-middle-income countries should invest more in health care services and implement adequate COVID-19 preventive measures to reduce the risk burden. We recommend a participatory, whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach for responding to the socio-economic challenges of COVID-19 and ensuring more resilient and robust health systems to safeguard against preventable deaths and poverty by improving public health outcomes.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan & Md. Abul Kalam & Shahanaj Shano & Md. Raihan Khan Nayem & Md. Kaisar Rahman & Shahneaz Ali Khan & Ariful Islam, 2020. "Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-14, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:13:y:2020:i:9:p:194-:d:407222
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/13/9/194/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1911-8074/13/9/194/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Piotr Sorokowski & Agata Groyecka & Marta Kowal & Agnieszka Sorokowska & Michał Białek & Izabela Lebuda & Małgorzata Dobrowolska & Przemysław Zdybek & Maciej Karwowski, 2020. "Can Information about Pandemics Increase Negative Attitudes toward Foreign Groups? A Case of COVID-19 Outbreak," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-10, June.
    2. Qiu, Richard T.R. & Park, Jinah & Li, ShiNa & Song, Haiyan, 2020. "Social costs of tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    3. Shannon M Fast & Marta C González & Natasha Markuzon, 2015. "Cost-Effective Control of Infectious Disease Outbreaks Accounting for Societal Reaction," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(8), pages 1-12, August.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Dongyang Zhang & Cao Wang & Yu Dong, 2023. "How Does Firm ESG Performance Impact Financial Constraints? An Experimental Exploration of the COVID-19 Pandemic," The European Journal of Development Research, Palgrave Macmillan;European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI), vol. 35(1), pages 219-239, February.
    2. Adrian Melia & Doowon Lee & Nader Mahmoudi & Yameng Li & Francesco Paolucci, 2021. "Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of COVID-19 Case Quarantine Strategies in Two Australian States: New South Wales and Western Australia," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-14, July.
    3. Peilei Fan & Jiquan Chen & Tanni Sarker, 2022. "Roles of Economic Development Level and Other Human System Factors in COVID-19 Spread in the Early Stage of the Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-15, February.
    4. Lianggui Liao & Chan Wang & Hong-Xing Wen & Pu-Yan Nie & Ying Huang, 2023. "The Impact and Mechanism of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Corporate Financing: Evidence from Listed Companies in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-21, January.
    5. Bissilimou Rachidatou Orounla & Ayédèguè Eustache Alaye & Kolawolé Valère Salako & Codjo Emile Agbangba & Justice Moses K. Aheto & Romain Glèlè Kakaï, 2024. "Direct and Indirect Effects of Environmental and Socio-Economic Factors on COVID-19 in Africa Using Structural Equation Modeling," Stats, MDPI, vol. 7(3), pages 1-15, September.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Haobin Fan & Xuanyi Nie, 2020. "Impacts of Layoffs and Government Assistance on Mental Health during COVID-19: An Evidence-Based Study of the United States," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(18), pages 1-23, September.
    2. Isabel Mercader Rubio & Pilar Sánchez-López & Nieves Gutiérrez Ángel & Nieves Fátima Oropesa Ruiz, 2022. "Psychological Consequences of Fear of COVID-19: Symptom Analysis of Triggered Anxiety and Depression Disorders in Adolescents and Young Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-8, October.
    3. Liu, Xing (Stella) & Wan, Lisa C. & Yi, Xiao (Shannon), 2022. "Humanoid versus non-humanoid robots: How mortality salience shapes preference for robot services under the COVID-19 pandemic?," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    4. Leon John Mach, 2021. "Surf Tourism in Uncertain Times: Resident Perspectives on the Sustainability Implications of COVID-19," Societies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-15, July.
    5. Yamaka, Woraphon & Zhang, Xuefeng & Maneejuk, Paravee & Ramos, Vicente, 2023. "Asymmetric effects of third-country exchange rate risk: A Markov switching approach," Annals of Tourism Research, Elsevier, vol. 103(C).
    6. Roberta Capello & Andrea Caragliu, 2021. "Regional growth and disparities in a post‐COVID Europe: A new normality scenario," Journal of Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 61(4), pages 710-727, September.
    7. Ling-Long Tsai, 2022. "Factors That Influence Virtual Tourism Holistic Image: The Moderating Role of Sense of Presence," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-20, January.
    8. Jerome Agrusa & Cathrine Linnes & Joseph Lema & Jihye (Ellie) Min & Tony Henthorne & Holly Itoga & Harold Lee, 2021. "Tourism Well-Being and Transitioning Island Destinations for Sustainable Development," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(1), pages 1-14, January.
    9. Ling-en Wang & Bing Tian & Viachaslau Filimonau & Zhizhong Ning & Xuechun Yang, 2022. "The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on revenues of visitor attractions: An exploratory and preliminary study in China," Tourism Economics, , vol. 28(1), pages 153-174, February.
    10. Erica Mingotto & Michele Tamma, 2021. "Covid-19 and recovery strategies. Some insights from an ongoing exploratory study in the Italian hospitality industry: the case of the historic city centre of Venice," Working Papers 02, Venice School of Management - Department of Management, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia.
    11. , Aisdl, 2020. "Employing Value Chain Theory To Address COVID-19 Outbreak In Tourism Management: A Resilience and Stakeholder View," OSF Preprints tmzvf, Center for Open Science.
    12. José F Baños-Pino & David Boto-García & Eduardo Del Valle & Inés Sustacha, 2023. "The impact of COVID-19 on tourists’ length of stay and daily expenditures," Tourism Economics, , vol. 29(2), pages 437-459, March.
    13. Asif Hussain & Francesc Fusté-Forné, 2021. "Post-Pandemic Recovery: A Case of Domestic Tourism in Akaroa (South Island, New Zealand)," World, MDPI, vol. 2(1), pages 1-12, March.
    14. Jelena Đurkin Badurina & Daniela Soldić Frleta, 2021. "Tourism Dependency and Perceived Local Tourism Governance: Perspective of Residents of Highly-Visited and Less-Visited Tourist Destinations," Societies, MDPI, vol. 11(3), pages 1-13, July.
    15. Bartosz Orzeł & Radosław Wolniak, 2022. "Digitization in the Design and Construction Industry—Remote Work in the Context of Sustainability: A Study from Poland," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-25, January.
    16. Sohel M. Imroz & Tamilla Curtis & Scott C. Ambrose, 2023. "Perception of Crisis Management, Service Quality, and Loyalty Programs on Airline Travel Intention: What Roles Do Fear of COVID-19 and Risk Attitude Play?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-16, September.
    17. Çalişkan, Uğur & Gursoy, Dogan & Özer, Özgür & Chi, Oscar Hengxuan, 2022. "Effects of Tourism on Local Residents’ Quality of Life, Happiness and Life Satisfaction: Moderating Role of the COVID-19 Risk Perceptions," Journal of Tourism, Sustainability and Well-being, Cinturs - Research Centre for Tourism, Sustainability and Well-being, University of Algarve, vol. 10(4), pages 274-291.
    18. Mengna Guo & Mar Joanpere & Cristina Pulido & Maria Padrós Cuxart, 2020. "Coping of Chinese Citizens Living in Spain during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons for Personal Well-Being and Social Cohesion," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(19), pages 1-15, September.
    19. Yinghui Huang & Hui Liu & Lin Zhang & Shen Li & Weijun Wang & Zhihong Ren & Zongkui Zhou & Xueyao Ma, 2021. "The Psychological and Behavioral Patterns of Online Psychological Help-Seekers before and during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Text Mining-Based Longitudinal Ecological Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-19, November.
    20. Bao-Linh Tran & Chi-Chung Chen & Wei-Chun Tseng & Shu-Yi Liao, 2020. "Tourism under the Early Phase of COVID-19 in Four APEC Economies: An Estimation with Special Focus on SARS Experiences," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(20), pages 1-13, October.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:13:y:2020:i:9:p:194-:d:407222. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.