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Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally

Author

Listed:
  • Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan

    (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh)

  • Md. Abul Kalam

    (Helen Keller International, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh)

  • Shahanaj Shano

    (Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh)

  • Md. Raihan Khan Nayem

    (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh)

  • Md. Kaisar Rahman

    (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
    EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001, USA)

  • Shahneaz Ali Khan

    (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh)

  • Ariful Islam

    (EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10001, USA
    Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia)

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has manifested more than a health crisis and has severely impacted on social, economic, and development crises in the world. The relationship of COVID-19 with countries’ economic and other demographic statuses is an important criterion with which to assess the impact of this current outbreak. Based on available data from the online platform, we tested the hypotheses of a country’s economic status, population density, the median age of the population, and urbanization pattern influence on the test, attack, case fatality, and recovery rates of COVID-19. We performed correlation and multivariate multinomial regression analysis with relative risk ratio (RRR) to test the hypotheses. The correlation analysis showed that population density and test rate had a significantly negative association (r = −0.2384, p = 0.00). In contrast, the median age had a significant positive correlation with recovery rate (r = 0.4654, p = 0.00) and case fatality rate (r = 0.2847, p = 0.00). The urban population rate had a positive significant correlation with recovery rate (r = 0.1610, p = 0.04). Lower-middle-income countries had a negative significant correlation with case fatality rate (r= −0.3310, p = 0.04). The multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that low-income countries are more likely to have an increased risk of case fatality rate (RRR = 0.986, 95% Confidence Interval; CI = 0.97−1.00, p < 0.05) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.967, 95% CI = 0.95–0.98, p = 0.00). The lower-income countries are more likely to have a higher risk in case of attack rate (RRR = 0.981, 95% CI = 0.97–0.99, p = 0.00) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.971, 95% CI = 0.96–0.98, p = 0.00). Similarly, upper middle-income countries are more likely to have higher risk in case of attack rate (RRR = 0.988, 95% CI = 0.98–1.0, p = 0.01) and recovery rate (RRR = 0.978, 95% CI = 0.97–0.99, p = 0.00). The low- and lower-middle-income countries should invest more in health care services and implement adequate COVID-19 preventive measures to reduce the risk burden. We recommend a participatory, whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach for responding to the socio-economic challenges of COVID-19 and ensuring more resilient and robust health systems to safeguard against preventable deaths and poverty by improving public health outcomes.

Suggested Citation

  • Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan & Md. Abul Kalam & Shahanaj Shano & Md. Raihan Khan Nayem & Md. Kaisar Rahman & Shahneaz Ali Khan & Ariful Islam, 2020. "Assessment of Epidemiological Determinants of COVID-19 Pandemic Related to Social and Economic Factors Globally," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-14, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:13:y:2020:i:9:p:194-:d:407222
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Piotr Sorokowski & Agata Groyecka & Marta Kowal & Agnieszka Sorokowska & Michał Białek & Izabela Lebuda & Małgorzata Dobrowolska & Przemysław Zdybek & Maciej Karwowski, 2020. "Can Information about Pandemics Increase Negative Attitudes toward Foreign Groups? A Case of COVID-19 Outbreak," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-10, June.
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    2. Adrian Melia & Doowon Lee & Nader Mahmoudi & Yameng Li & Francesco Paolucci, 2021. "Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of COVID-19 Case Quarantine Strategies in Two Australian States: New South Wales and Western Australia," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-14, July.
    3. Peilei Fan & Jiquan Chen & Tanni Sarker, 2022. "Roles of Economic Development Level and Other Human System Factors in COVID-19 Spread in the Early Stage of the Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-15, February.
    4. Lianggui Liao & Chan Wang & Hong-Xing Wen & Pu-Yan Nie & Ying Huang, 2023. "The Impact and Mechanism of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Corporate Financing: Evidence from Listed Companies in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-21, January.

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