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Difference in All-Cause Mortality between Unemployed and Employed Black Men: Analysis Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III

Author

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  • Paul Delgado

    (Office of Medical Student Research, OSU College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA
    Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA)

  • Dulcie Kermah

    (Urban Health Institute Student Research Core Charles R., Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA)

  • Paul Archibald

    (Department of Social Work, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY 10314, USA)

  • Mopileola T. Adewumi

    (Office of Medical Student Research, OSU College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tulsa, OK 74107, USA)

  • Caryn N. Bell

    (Department of Social, Behavioral, and Population Sciences, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA)

  • Roland J. Thorpe

    (Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA)

Abstract

The Black-White racial employment disparity and its link to mortality have demonstrated the health benefits obtained from employment. Further, racial/ethnic mortality disparities existing among men with different employment statuses have been previously documented. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between employment status and all-cause mortality among Black men. Data for the study was obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III 1988–1994 linked to the NHANES III Linked Mortality File. Cox proportional hazard models were specified to examine the association between health behaviors and mortality in Black men by employment status. Among those who were assumed alive (n = 1354), 41.9% were unemployed. In the fully adjusted model, unemployed Black men had an increased risk of all-cause mortality (Hazard Ratio [HR] 1.60, 95% confidence interval or CI [1.33, 1.92]) compared to Black men who were employed. These results highlight the impact of employment on all-cause mortality among unemployed Black men and underscore the need to address employment inequalities to reduce the mortality disparities among Black men.

Suggested Citation

  • Paul Delgado & Dulcie Kermah & Paul Archibald & Mopileola T. Adewumi & Caryn N. Bell & Roland J. Thorpe, 2023. "Difference in All-Cause Mortality between Unemployed and Employed Black Men: Analysis Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(2), pages 1-7, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:2:p:1594-:d:1036984
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Siwei Cheng & Christopher R. Tamborini & ChangHwan Kim & Arthur Sakamoto, 2019. "Educational Variations in Cohort Trends in the Black-White Earnings Gap Among Men: Evidence From Administrative Earnings Data," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 56(6), pages 2253-2277, December.
    2. Ruqaiijah Yearby, 2018. "Racial Disparities in Health Status and Access to Healthcare: The Continuation of Inequality in the United States Due to Structural Racism," American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 77(3-4), pages 1113-1152, May.
    3. Darity Jr., W.A., 2003. "Employment discrimination, segregation, and health," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 93(2), pages 226-231.
    4. Joshua Weitz & William Lazonick & Philip Moss, 2021. "Employment Mobility and the Belated Emergence of the Black Middle Class," Working Papers Series inetwp143, Institute for New Economic Thinking.
    5. Tomaz Cajner & Tyler Radler & David Ratner & Ivan Vidangos, 2017. "Racial Gaps in Labor Market Outcomes in the Last Four Decades and over the Business Cycle," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2017-071, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
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