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Prevalence Rates of Depression and Anxiety among Young Rural and Urban Australians: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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  • Sushmitha Kasturi

    (Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia)

  • Victor M. Oguoma

    (Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
    Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4066, Australia)

  • Janie Busby Grant

    (Centre for Applied Psychology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia)

  • Theo Niyonsenga

    (Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia)

  • Itismita Mohanty

    (Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia)

Abstract

Globally, depression and anxiety are major public health concerns with onset during adolescence. While rural Australia experiences overall lower health outcomes, variation in mental health prevalence rates between rural and urban Australia is unclear. The aim of this paper was to estimate the pooled prevalence rates for depression and anxiety among young Australians aged between 10 and 24 years. Selected studies from a systematic literature search were assessed for risk of bias. Random effects model using DerSimonian and Laird method with Freeman–Tukey Double Arcsine Transformation was fitted. Sensitivity analyses were performed. Prevalence estimates were stratified by region and disorder. The overall pooled prevalence of depression and anxiety was 25.3% (95% CI, 19.9–31.0%). In subgroup analysis, anxiety prevalence was 29.9% (95% CI, 21.6–39.0%); depression: 21.3% (95% CI, 14.9–28.5%); and depression or anxiety: 27.2% (95% CI, 20.3–34.6%). Depression and anxiety prevalence were higher in urban 26.1% (95% CI, 17.3–35.9%) compared to rural areas 24.9% (95% CI, 17.5–33%), although the difference was not statistically significant. The heterogeneity was high with an I 2 score of 95.8%. There is need for further research on healthcare access, mental health literacy and help-seeking attitude in Australia.

Suggested Citation

  • Sushmitha Kasturi & Victor M. Oguoma & Janie Busby Grant & Theo Niyonsenga & Itismita Mohanty, 2023. "Prevalence Rates of Depression and Anxiety among Young Rural and Urban Australians: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-16, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:1:p:800-:d:1022069
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Tonelle Handley & Jane Rich & Kate Davies & Terry Lewin & Brian Kelly, 2018. "The Challenges of Predicting Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviours in a Sample of Rural Australians with Depression," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-9, May.
    2. Sue Duval & Richard Tweedie, 2000. "Trim and Fill: A Simple Funnel-Plot–Based Method of Testing and Adjusting for Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 56(2), pages 455-463, June.
    3. Yang Yang & Keqiao Liu & Siqi Li & Man Shu, 2020. "Social Media Activities, Emotion Regulation Strategies, and Their Interactions on People’s Mental Health in COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(23), pages 1-16, December.
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