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Long-Term Consequences of COVID-19 Disease Specific to Women: Exploratory Research

Author

Listed:
  • Karolina Juszko

    (Faculty of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland)

  • Patryk Szary

    (Faculty of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland)

  • Justyna Mazurek

    (University Rehabilitation Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland)

  • Sebastian Rutkowski

    (Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland)

  • Błażej Cieślik

    (Healthcare Innovation Technology Lab, IRCCS San Camillo Hospital, 30126 Venezia, Italy)

  • Joanna Szczepańska-Gieracha

    (Faculty of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland)

  • Robert Gajda

    (Gajda-Med District Hospital, 06-100 Pultusk, Poland
    Department of Kinesiology and Health Prevention, Jan Dlugosz University, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland)

Abstract

This study was designed to explore COVID-19 in a biopsychosocial model, taking into account the different mental and social consequences of the disease in women and men. A sociodemographic questionnaire containing anthropometric data, socioeconomic data, lifestyle data, health status before COVID-19, course of COVID-19, symptoms, and complications after COVID-19 was administered to 83 women and 64 men to investigate their mental health (MH) and quality of life (QoL). The Hospital Anxiety (HADS-A) and Depression (HADS-D) Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) were adopted. Abnormal results in HADS-D and HADS-A were obtained in 33 (39.8%) women and 10 (15.6%) men and in 26 (31.3%) women and 14 (21.9%) men, respectively. Women experienced a lower level of QoL than men. The prolonged duration of COVID-19 symptoms was associated with increased anxiety in women during recovery. Good self-reported health before COVID-19 in women was associated with reduced QoL. Women had more symptoms of COVID-19 than men, and they experienced neurological complications more often. The presence of neurological complications in women appears to be associated with increased perceived anxiety and reduced QoL. This is an exploratory study whose results can influence future research with larger and more diverse samples.

Suggested Citation

  • Karolina Juszko & Patryk Szary & Justyna Mazurek & Sebastian Rutkowski & Błażej Cieślik & Joanna Szczepańska-Gieracha & Robert Gajda, 2022. "Long-Term Consequences of COVID-19 Disease Specific to Women: Exploratory Research," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-13, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2022:i:1:p:150-:d:1011628
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Daniela Pereira & Brigite Wildenberg & Andreia Gaspar & Carolina Cabaços & Nuno Madeira & António Macedo & Ana Telma Pereira, 2022. "The Impact of COVID-19 on Anxious and Depressive Symptomatology in the Postpartum Period," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(13), pages 1-13, June.
    2. James Banks & Xiaowei Xu, 2020. "The Mental Health Effects of the First Two Months of Lockdown during the COVID‐19 Pandemic in the UK," Fiscal Studies, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 41(3), pages 685-708, September.
    3. Jeannet M. Delbressine & Felipe V. C. Machado & Yvonne M. J. Goërtz & Maarten Van Herck & Roy Meys & Sarah Houben-Wilke & Chris Burtin & Frits M. E. Franssen & Yvonne Spies & Herman Vijlbrief & Alex J, 2021. "The Impact of Post-COVID-19 Syndrome on Self-Reported Physical Activity," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(11), pages 1-11, June.
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