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Gender Disparities of Heart Disease and the Association with Smoking and Drinking Behavior among Middle-Aged and Older Adults, a Cross-Sectional Study of Data from the US Health and Retirement Study and the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

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  • Yifei Li

    (Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
    Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Tang Du Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China)

  • Yuanan Lu

    (Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA)

  • Eric L. Hurwitz

    (Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA)

  • Yanyan Wu

    (Thompson School of Social Work & Public Health, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA)

Abstract

Heart disease remains the leading cause of death globally by gender and region. Smoking and alcohol drinking are known modifiable health behaviors of heart disease. Utilizing data from the US Health and Retirement Study and the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, this study examines heart disease disparities and the association with smoking and drinking behavior among men and women in the US and China. Smoking and drinking behavior were combined to neither, smoke-only, drink-only, and both. In the US, the prevalence was higher in men (24.5%, 95% CI: 22.5–26.6%) than in women (20.6%, 95% CI: 19.3–22.1%) and a higher prevalence was found in the smoke-only group for both genders. In contrast, women in China had higher prevalence (22.9%, 95% CI: 21.7–24.1%) than men (16.1%, 95% CI: 15.1–17.2%), and the prevalence for women who smoked or engaged in both behaviors were ~1.5 times (95% CI: 1.3–1.8, p < 0.001) those who did not smoke or drink, but no statistical difference were found in men. The findings might be due to differences in smoking and drinking patterns and cultures by gender in the two countries and gender inequality among older adults in China. Culturally tailored health promotion strategies will help reduce the burden of heart disease.

Suggested Citation

  • Yifei Li & Yuanan Lu & Eric L. Hurwitz & Yanyan Wu, 2022. "Gender Disparities of Heart Disease and the Association with Smoking and Drinking Behavior among Middle-Aged and Older Adults, a Cross-Sectional Study of Data from the US Health and Retirement Study a," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-10, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:4:p:2188-:d:749953
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Chuang, Ying-Chih & Chuang, Kun-Yang, 2008. "Gender differences in relationships between social capital and individual smoking and drinking behavior in Taiwan," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 67(8), pages 1321-1330, October.
    2. Inhwan Lee & Shinuk Kim & Hyunsik Kang, 2019. "Lifestyle Risk Factors and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: Data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(17), pages 1-11, August.
    3. Colin D Mathers & Dejan Loncar, 2006. "Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 3(11), pages 1-20, November.
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