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Promoting and Risk Factors of Nurses’ Hardiness Levels during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from an Italian Cohort

Author

Listed:
  • Samuele Baldassini Rodriguez

    (Emergency and Trauma Intensive Care Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy)

  • Yari Bardacci

    (Emergency and Trauma Intensive Care Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy)

  • Khadija El Aoufy

    (Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Largo Brambilla, 50134 Florence, Italy)

  • Marco Bazzini

    (Emergency and Trauma Intensive Care Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy)

  • Christian Caruso

    (Emergency Medical System—AUSL Toscana Centro, 50134 Florence, Italy)

  • Gian Domenico Giusti

    (Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy
    Teaching and Quality Department, Perugia University Hospital, 06121 Perugia, Italy)

  • Andrea Mezzetti

    (Emergency Medical System—AUSL Toscana Centro, 50134 Florence, Italy)

  • Stefano Bambi

    (Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy)

  • Andrea Guazzini

    (Department of Education, Languages, Intercultural Studies, Literatures and Psychology, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
    Center for the Study of Complex Dynamics (CSDC), University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy)

  • Laura Rasero

    (Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy)

Abstract

Aim: Few studies in the literature specifically address the hardiness of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, the primary aim of this study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 on the hardiness levels in an Italian cohort of nurses. The secondary aims were to assess the level of hardiness in nurses directly caring for patients with COVID-19 and to verify the presence of related risk and promoting factors. Methods: A descriptive and explorative study was performed through an online survey from March to July 2020. The survey was composed of a multiple answer questionnaire with open, closed, and semi-closed-ended questions. Hardiness and anxiety were assessed using two psychometric instruments: the Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS-15) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y). Results: A total of 1250 nurses completed the questionnaire entirely (92.3% of respondents). The average length of service was 17.8 ± 11.5 years. A decrease in the hardiness was recorded after the first wave of COVID-19 if compared to the baseline (mean Δ DRS-15 total = 1.3 ± 5.0), whereas in the subsample of nurses caring for COVID-19 patients, the total hardiness level decreased more consistently (mean Δ DRS Total = 1.9 + 5.3). Multivariate analysis showed that high levels of anxiety were risk factors for reducing hardiness. In contrast, anxiety, when associated with a greater length of service, was a promoting factor for the increase in hardiness. Conclusions: The correlation between anxiety and years of length of service appears to be pivotal. Future research should focus on the role of anxiety to establish its actual role as a predictor of hardiness.

Suggested Citation

  • Samuele Baldassini Rodriguez & Yari Bardacci & Khadija El Aoufy & Marco Bazzini & Christian Caruso & Gian Domenico Giusti & Andrea Mezzetti & Stefano Bambi & Andrea Guazzini & Laura Rasero, 2022. "Promoting and Risk Factors of Nurses’ Hardiness Levels during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from an Italian Cohort," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-22, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:3:p:1523-:d:737394
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Monia Vagni & Tiziana Maiorano & Valeria Giostra & Daniela Pajardi, 2020. "Hardiness, Stress and Secondary Trauma in Italian Healthcare and Emergency Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-16, July.
    2. Tiziana Maiorano & Monia Vagni & Valeria Giostra & Daniela Pajardi, 2020. "COVID-19: Risk Factors and Protective Role of Resilience and Coping Strategies for Emergency Stress and Secondary Trauma in Medical Staff and Emergency Workers—An Online-Based Inquiry," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-18, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. Inge E. M. Hendrikx & Stef C. G. Vermeulen & Vera L. W. Wientjens & Remco S. Mannak, 2022. "Is Team Resilience More Than the Sum of Its Parts? A Quantitative Study on Emergency Healthcare Teams during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-14, June.
    2. Agnieszka Gebczynska-Janowicz & Rafal Janowicz & Wojciech Targowski & Rafal Cudnik & Krystyna Paszko & Karolina M. Zielinska-Dabkowska, 2022. "Evaluation of Medical Staff Satisfaction for Workplace Architecture in Temporary COVID-19 Hospital: A Case Study in Gdańsk, Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-14, December.

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