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A Model of Stress Change under the First COVID-19 Pandemic among the General Public in Japanese Major Cities and Rural Areas

Author

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  • Misato Uehara

    (Research Center for Social Systems, Ina Campus, Shinshu University, 8304, Minamiminowa-Village, Kamiina-County, Nagano 399-4598, Japan)

  • Makoto Fujii

    (Tonich Engineering Consultant, 3-20 Banzaicho Kita-ku, Osaka City, Osaka 530-0028, Japan)

  • Kazuki Kobayashi

    (Research Center for Social Systems, Nagano Campus, Shinshu University,4-17-1, Wakasato, Nagano City, Nagano 380-8553, Japan)

Abstract

Research on stress related to the COVID-19 pandemic has been dominated by the cases of healthcare workers, students, patients, and their stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined the relationship between the amount of stress change under the COVID-19 pandemic and demographic factors (age, sex, occupation, etc.) in residents of a large city and a rural area of Japan. A total of 1331 valid responses were received in June 2020 from residents of Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagano registered with a private research firm. We were able to identify 15 statistically significant variables out of 36 explanatory variables, which explained the significant increase in stress compared to the pre-pandemic period. Multiple-factor analysis showed that the relationship with people is a more significant explanatory variable for the level of increase in stress than the difference in environment between big cities (Tokyo, Osaka) and rural areas (Nagano), the type of housing, and the decrease in income compared to the pre-pandemic period.

Suggested Citation

  • Misato Uehara & Makoto Fujii & Kazuki Kobayashi, 2021. "A Model of Stress Change under the First COVID-19 Pandemic among the General Public in Japanese Major Cities and Rural Areas," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-17, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:3:p:1207-:d:486113
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

    1. V. Vineeth Kumar & Bhagyasree Chatterjee & Geetika Tankha, 2021. "The Development and Validation of a Measure to Assess COVID-19 Stress among College Students for Sustainable Education," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(17), pages 1-15, September.
    2. Keiko Sasaki & Tomohiro Ichinose, 2022. "The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the General Public in Urban and Rural Areas in Southern Japan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-17, February.
    3. Misato Uehara & Makoto Fujii & Kazuki Kobayashi & Yasuto Hayashi & Yuki Arai, 2021. "Common Factors of Stress Change under the First COVID-19 Outbreak as Observed in Four Global Cities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-19, May.
    4. Momoka Nakamura & Toshihiro Hattori, 2022. "Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Rural Residents of Japan and Their Interactions with the Outside World," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(4), pages 1-12, February.
    5. Valentina N. Burkova & Marina L. Butovskaya & Ashley K. Randall & Julija N. Fedenok & Khodabakhsh Ahmadi & Ahmad M. Alghraibeh & Fathil Bakir Mutsher Allami & Fadime Suata Alpaslan & Mohammad Ahmad Ab, 2021. "Predictors of Anxiety in the COVID-19 Pandemic from a Global Perspective: Data from 23 Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-23, April.
    6. Joanna Jaroszewicz & Anna Majewska, 2021. "Group Spatial Preferences of Residential Locations—Simplified Method Based on Crowdsourced Spatial Data and MCDA," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-24, April.

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