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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia in Spain in the COVID-19 Crisis

Author

Listed:
  • Stephen X. Zhang

    (Faculty of Professions, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia)

  • Richard Z. Chen

    (Crescent Valley High School, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA)

  • Wen Xu

    (Nottingham University Business School China, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China)

  • Allen Yin

    (School of Humanities, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China)

  • Rebecca Kechen Dong

    (Business School, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia)

  • Bryan Z. Chen

    (Faculty of Professions, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia)

  • Andrew Yilong Delios

    (Department of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia)

  • Saylor Miller

    (College of Business, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA)

  • Roger S. McIntyre

    (Mood Symptoms Psychopharmacology Unit (MDPU), Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada)

  • Wenping Ye

    (Department of Business Administration, School of Management, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China)

  • Xue Wan

    (School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China)

Abstract

Background: General population, frontline healthcare workers (HCWs), and adult students in Spain are at risk of anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms during the COVID-19 crisis. A meta-analysis of the individual studies on these symptoms would provide systematic evidence to aid policymakers and researchers in focusing on prevalence, risk, and best interventions. Objective: This paper aims to be the first meta-analysis and systematic review to calculate the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms in Spain’s adult population (general population, frontline healthcare workers (HCWs), and adult students) during the Covid-19 epidemic. Method: Random-effect meta-analysis was used to estimate the prevalence of anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Results: The meta-analysis includes 28 studies with 38 individual samples in Spain. The pooled prevalence of anxiety symptoms in 22 studies comprising a sample population of 82,024 was 20% (95% CI: 15–25%), that of depression symptoms in 22 articles with a total sample comprising 82,890 individuals was 22% (95% CI: 18–28%), and that of insomnia symptoms in three articles with a sample population of 745 was 57% (95% CI: 48–66%. Conclusions: The accumulative evidence reveals that adults in Spain suffered higher prevalence rates of mental symptoms during the COVID-19 crisis, with a significantly higher rate relative to other countries such as China. Our synthesis also reveals a relative lack of studies on frontline and general HCWs in Spain.

Suggested Citation

  • Stephen X. Zhang & Richard Z. Chen & Wen Xu & Allen Yin & Rebecca Kechen Dong & Bryan Z. Chen & Andrew Yilong Delios & Saylor Miller & Roger S. McIntyre & Wenping Ye & Xue Wan, 2022. "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia in Spain in the COVID-19 Crisis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-15, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:2:p:1018-:d:726863
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Isabel Lasheras & Patricia Gracia-García & Darren M. Lipnicki & Juan Bueno-Notivol & Raúl López-Antón & Concepción de la Cámara & Antonio Lobo & Javier Santabárbara, 2020. "Prevalence of Anxiety in Medical Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Rapid Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-12, September.
    2. Cristina Romero-Blanco & Julián Rodríguez-Almagro & María Dolores Onieva-Zafra & María Laura Parra-Fernández & María del Carmen Prado-Laguna & Antonio Hernández-Martínez, 2020. "Sleep Pattern Changes in Nursing Students during the COVID-19 Lockdown," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-11, July.
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