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Interactive Compensation Effects of Physical Activity and Sleep on Mental Health: A Longitudinal Panel Study among Chinese College Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

Listed:
  • Yao Zhang

    (Soochow College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
    Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Jianxiu Liu

    (Division of Sports Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
    Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Yi Zhang

    (Department of Physical Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China)

  • Limei Ke

    (School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China)

  • Ruidong Liu

    (Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China)

Abstract

Physical activity (PA) and sleep are both important to mental health. However, their joint effects on mental distress have not been well explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the joint effects of PA and sleep on mental health, as well as the dose-response relationships between PA and mental health under different sleep health statuses. A longitudinal panel study was adopted to evaluate the relationship between PA, sleep, and mental health among 66 healthy Chinese college students with four online questionnaire surveys. A mixed-effect model with individual-level random effect was used to analyze the interactive regulation effect of PA and sleep on mental health, and a generalized additive model with splines was further fitted to analyze dose-response relationships between variables. When sleep was at a healthy level, no significant difference in mental health was observed between different levels of PA ( p > 0.05). However, poor sleepers with moderate and high PA levels indicated significantly fewer negative emotions than those with low PA levels ( p = 0.001, p = 0.004). Likewise, poor sleepers who engaged in more moderate intensity PA could significantly reduce negative emotions ( β = −0.470, p = 0.011) in a near-linear trend. In summary, both sleep and PA benefit mental health, and they probably regulate mental health through an interactive compensation mode. For good and poor sleepers, PA plays a different role in maintaining and improving mental health. Increasing moderate intensity PA up to moderate-and-high levels is recommended for those who simultaneously suffer from sleep and psychological health problems.

Suggested Citation

  • Yao Zhang & Jianxiu Liu & Yi Zhang & Limei Ke & Ruidong Liu, 2022. "Interactive Compensation Effects of Physical Activity and Sleep on Mental Health: A Longitudinal Panel Study among Chinese College Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(19), pages 1-13, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:19:p:12323-:d:927620
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Yao Zhang & Haoyu Zhang & Xindong Ma & Qian Di, 2020. "Mental Health Problems during the COVID-19 Pandemics and the Mitigation Effects of Exercise: A Longitudinal Study of College Students in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-16, May.
    2. Xihe Zhu & Justin A. Haegele & Huarong Liu & Fangliang Yu, 2021. "Academic Stress, Physical Activity, Sleep, and Mental Health among Chinese Adolescents," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-9, July.
    3. Simon N. Wood, 2004. "Stable and Efficient Multiple Smoothing Parameter Estimation for Generalized Additive Models," Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, vol. 99, pages 673-686, January.
    4. Tian Ci Quek & Cyrus SH. Ho & Carol C. Choo & Long H. Nguyen & Bach X. Tran & Roger C. Ho, 2018. "Misophonia in Singaporean Psychiatric Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(7), pages 1-6, July.
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