IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2022i15p8895-d868720.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Characterization of Clinical Features of Hospitalized Patients Due to the SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Absence of Comorbidities Regarding the Sex: An Epidemiological Study of the First Year of the Pandemic in Brazil

Author

Listed:
  • Nathália Mariana Santos Sansone

    (Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, University of São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-9003, Brazil
    Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, University of São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-9003, Brazil
    These authors contributed equally to this study.)

  • Letícia Rogini Pereira

    (Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, University of São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-9003, Brazil
    Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, University of São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-9003, Brazil
    These authors contributed equally to this study.)

  • Matheus Negri Boschiero

    (Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, University of São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-9003, Brazil
    Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, University of São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-9003, Brazil)

  • Felipe Eduardo Valencise

    (Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, University of São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-9003, Brazil
    Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, University of São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-9003, Brazil)

  • Andréa Melo Alexandre Fraga

    (Department of Pediatrics, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-887, Brazil)

  • Fernando Augusto Lima Marson

    (Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Tumor Biology and Bioactive Compounds, University of São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-9003, Brazil
    Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, University of São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-9003, Brazil
    These authors contributed equally to this study.)

Abstract

The male sex, due to the presence of genetic, immunological, hormonal, social, and environmental factors, is associated with higher severity and death in Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19. We conducted an epidemiological study to characterize the COVID-19 clinical profile, severity, and outcome according to sex in patients with the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) due to the fact of this disease. We carried out an epidemiological analysis using epidemiological data made available by the OpenDataSUS, which stores information about SARS in Brazil. We recorded the features of the patients admitted to the hospital for SARS treatment due to the presence of COVID-19 (in the absence of comorbidities) and associated these characteristics with sex and risk of death. The study comprised 336,463 patients, 213,151 of whom were men. Male patients presented a higher number of clinical signs, for example, fever (OR = 1.424; 95%CI = 1.399–1.448), peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ) < 95% (OR = 1.253; 95%CI = 1.232–1.274), and dyspnea (OR = 1.146; 95%CI = 1.125–1.166) as well as greater need for admission in intensive care unit (ICU, OR = 1.189; 95%CI = 1.168–1.210), and the use of invasive ventilatory support (OR = 1.306; 95%CI = 1.273–1.339) and noninvasive ventilatory support (OR = 1.238; 95%CI = 1.216–1.260) when compared with female patients. Curiously, the male sex was associated only with a small increase in the risk of death when compared with the female sex (OR = 1.041; 95%CI = 1.023–1.060). We did a secondary analysis to identify the main predictors of death. In that sense, the multivariate analysis enabled the prediction of the risk of death, and the male sex was one of the predictors (OR = 1.101; 95%CI = 1.011–1.199); however, with a small effect size. In addition, other factors also contributed to this prediction and presented a great effect size, they are listed below: older age (61–72 years old (OR = 15.778; 95%CI = 1.865–133.492), 73–85 years old (OR = 31.978; 95%CI = 3.779–270.600), and +85 years old (OR = 68.385; 95%CI = 8.164–589.705)); race (Black (OR = 1.247; 95%CI = 1.016–1.531), Pardos (multiracial background; OR = 1.585; 95%CI = 1.450–1.732), and Indigenous (OR = 3.186; 95%CI = 1.927–5.266)); clinical signs (for instance, dyspnea (OR = 1.231; 95%CI = 1.110–1.365) and SpO 2 < 95% (OR = 1.367; 95%CI = 1.238–1.508)); need for admission in the ICU (OR = 3.069; 95%CI = 2.789–3.377); and for ventilatory support (invasive (OR = 10.174; 95%CI = 8.803–11.759) and noninvasive (OR = 1.609; 95%CI = 1.438–1.800)). In conclusion, in Brazil, male patients tend to present the phenotype of higher severity in COVID-19, however, with a small effect on the risk of death.

Suggested Citation

  • Nathália Mariana Santos Sansone & Letícia Rogini Pereira & Matheus Negri Boschiero & Felipe Eduardo Valencise & Andréa Melo Alexandre Fraga & Fernando Augusto Lima Marson, 2022. "Characterization of Clinical Features of Hospitalized Patients Due to the SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Absence of Comorbidities Regarding the Sex: An Epidemiological Study of the First Year of the Pand," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-20, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:15:p:8895-:d:868720
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/15/8895/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/15/8895/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Takehiro Takahashi & Mallory K. Ellingson & Patrick Wong & Benjamin Israelow & Carolina Lucas & Jon Klein & Julio Silva & Tianyang Mao & Ji Eun Oh & Maria Tokuyama & Peiwen Lu & Arvind Venkataraman & , 2020. "Sex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes," Nature, Nature, vol. 588(7837), pages 315-320, December.
    2. Hannah Peckham & Nina M. Gruijter & Charles Raine & Anna Radziszewska & Coziana Ciurtin & Lucy R. Wedderburn & Elizabeth C. Rosser & Kate Webb & Claire T. Deakin, 2020. "Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 11(1), pages 1-10, December.
    3. Richard Rogers & Bethany Everett & Jarron Onge & Patrick Krueger, 2010. "Social, behavioral, and biological factors, and sex differences in mortality," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 47(3), pages 555-578, August.
    4. Green, Carla A & Pope, Clyde R, 1999. "Gender, psychosocial factors and the use of medical services: a longitudinal analysis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 48(10), pages 1363-1372, May.
    5. Danielsen, Ann Caroline & Lee, Katharine MN & Boulicault, Marion & Rushovich, Tamara & Gompers, Annika & Tarrant, Amelia & Reiches, Meredith & Shattuck-Heidorn, Heather & Miratrix, Luke W. & Richardso, 2022. "Sex disparities in COVID-19 outcomes in the United States: Quantifying and contextualizing variation," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    6. Taru Tukiainen & Alexandra-Chloé Villani & Angela Yen & Manuel A. Rivas & Jamie L. Marshall & Rahul Satija & Matt Aguirre & Laura Gauthier & Mark Fleharty & Andrew Kirby & Beryl B. Cummings & Stephane, 2017. "Landscape of X chromosome inactivation across human tissues," Nature, Nature, vol. 550(7675), pages 244-248, October.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Danielsen, Ann Caroline & Lee, Katharine MN & Boulicault, Marion & Rushovich, Tamara & Gompers, Annika & Tarrant, Amelia & Reiches, Meredith & Shattuck-Heidorn, Heather & Miratrix, Luke W. & Richardso, 2022. "Sex disparities in COVID-19 outcomes in the United States: Quantifying and contextualizing variation," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    2. Sunil K. Ahuja & Muthu Saravanan Manoharan & Grace C. Lee & Lyle R. McKinnon & Justin A. Meunier & Maristella Steri & Nathan Harper & Edoardo Fiorillo & Alisha M. Smith & Marcos I. Restrepo & Anne P. , 2023. "Immune resilience despite inflammatory stress promotes longevity and favorable health outcomes including resistance to infection," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-31, December.
    3. Ekaterina Aleksandrova & Venera Bagranova & Christopher J Gerry, 2021. "The effect of health shocks on labour market outcomes in Russia [Ageing and unused capacity in Europe: is there an early retirement trap?]," Cambridge Journal of Economics, Cambridge Political Economy Society, vol. 45(6), pages 1319-1336.
    4. Tetyana Pudrovska & Benedicta Anikputa, 2014. "Editor's choice Early-Life Socioeconomic Status and Mortality in Later Life: An Integration of Four Life-Course Mechanisms," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 69(3), pages 451-460.
    5. Pilar García‐Gómez & Erik Schokkaert & Tom Van Ourti & Teresa Bago d'Uva, 2015. "Inequity in the Face of Death," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 24(10), pages 1348-1367, October.
    6. Fatiha Bennia & Nicolas Gravel, 2016. "Is the Distribution of Cardiovascular Risks Really Improving ? A Robust Analysis for France," Working Papers halshs-01321838, HAL.
    7. Danan Gu & Patrick Gerland & Kirill F. Andreev & Nan Li & Thomas Spoorenberg & Gerhard Heilig, 2013. "Old age mortality in Eastern and South-Eastern Asia," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 29(38), pages 999-1038.
    8. Joseph T. Lariscy & Claudia Nau & Glenn Firebaugh & Robert A. Hummer, 2016. "Hispanic-White Differences in Lifespan Variability in the United States," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 53(1), pages 215-239, February.
    9. Shelly J. Robertson & Olivia Bedard & Kristin L. McNally & Carl Shaia & Chad S. Clancy & Matthew Lewis & Rebecca M. Broeckel & Abhilash I. Chiramel & Jeffrey G. Shannon & Gail L. Sturdevant & Rebecca , 2023. "Genetically diverse mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 infection reproduce clinical variation in type I interferon and cytokine responses in COVID-19," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-13, December.
    10. Chun, Heeran & Khang, Young-Ho & Kim, Il-Ho & Cho, Sung-Il, 2008. "Explaining gender differences in ill-health in South Korea: The roles of socio-structural, psychosocial, and behavioral factors," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 67(6), pages 988-1001, September.
    11. Elizabeth M. Lawrence & Richard G. Rogers & Robert A. Hummer, 2024. "Sex Differences in U.S. Adolescent and Young Adult Mortality," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 43(6), pages 1-22, December.
    12. Simona Bignami-Van Assche & Daniela Ghio, 2022. "Comparing COVID-19 fatality across countries: a synthetic demographic indicator," Journal of Population Research, Springer, vol. 39(4), pages 513-525, December.
    13. Shannon, Candice A. & Rospenda, Kathleen M. & Richman, Judith A., 2007. "Workplace harassment patterning, gender, and utilization of professional services: Findings from a US national study," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 64(6), pages 1178-1191, March.
    14. Egor Malkov, 2021. "Spousal Occupational Sorting and COVID-19 Incidence: Evidence from the United States," Papers 2107.14350, arXiv.org, revised Sep 2021.
    15. Dominik Menges & Kyra D. Zens & Tala Ballouz & Nicole Caduff & Daniel Llanas-Cornejo & Hélène E. Aschmann & Anja Domenghino & Céline Pellaton & Matthieu Perreau & Craig Fenwick & Giuseppe Pantaleo & C, 2022. "Heterogenous humoral and cellular immune responses with distinct trajectories post-SARS-CoV-2 infection in a population-based cohort," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 13(1), pages 1-16, December.
    16. Kazim Topuz & Behrooz Davazdahemami & Dursun Delen, 2024. "A Bayesian belief network-based analytics methodology for early-stage risk detection of novel diseases," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 341(1), pages 673-697, October.
    17. Weiyin Zhou & Anja Fischer & Martin D. Ogwang & Wen Luo & Patrick Kerchan & Steven J. Reynolds & Constance N. Tenge & Pamela A. Were & Robert T. Kuremu & Walter N. Wekesa & Nestory Masalu & Esther Kaw, 2023. "Mosaic chromosomal alterations in peripheral blood leukocytes of children in sub-Saharan Africa," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 14(1), pages 1-13, December.
    18. Fernandez-Olano, C. & Hidalgo, J.D. Lopez-Torres & Cerda-Diaz, R. & Requena-Gallego, M. & Sanchez-Castano, C. & Urbistondo-Cascales, L. & Otero-Puime, A., 2006. "Factors associated with health care utilization by the elderly in a public health care system," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 75(2), pages 131-139, January.
    19. Badr K. Aldhmadi & Rakesh Kumar & Ramaiah Itumalla & Bilesha Perera, 2021. "Depressive Symptomatology and Practice of Safety Measures among Undergraduate Students during COVID-19: Impact of Gender," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-9, May.
    20. Kabir,Kayenat & Dudu,Hasan & Tchana Tchana,Fulbert, 2021. "Gender Dimensions of COVID-19 Economic Impact in Chad : Insights from a CGE Model and Household Phone Survey," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9679, The World Bank.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:15:p:8895-:d:868720. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.