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Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission

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  • Hannah Peckham

    (Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL, UCLH, GOSH
    Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, UCL)

  • Nina M. Gruijter

    (Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL, UCLH, GOSH
    Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, UCL)

  • Charles Raine

    (Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, UCL)

  • Anna Radziszewska

    (Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL, UCLH, GOSH
    Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, UCL)

  • Coziana Ciurtin

    (Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL, UCLH, GOSH
    Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, UCL)

  • Lucy R. Wedderburn

    (Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL, UCLH, GOSH
    UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health
    NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Great Ormond Street Hospital)

  • Elizabeth C. Rosser

    (Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL, UCLH, GOSH
    Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, UCL)

  • Kate Webb

    (University of Cape Town
    Crick African Network)

  • Claire T. Deakin

    (Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL, UCLH, GOSH
    UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health
    NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Great Ormond Street Hospital)

Abstract

Anecdotal evidence suggests that Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, exhibits differences in morbidity and mortality between sexes. Here, we present a meta-analysis of 3,111,714 reported global cases to demonstrate that, whilst there is no difference in the proportion of males and females with confirmed COVID-19, male patients have almost three times the odds of requiring intensive treatment unit (ITU) admission (OR = 2.84; 95% CI = 2.06, 3.92) and higher odds of death (OR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.31, 1.47) compared to females. With few exceptions, the sex bias observed in COVID-19 is a worldwide phenomenon. An appreciation of how sex is influencing COVID-19 outcomes will have important implications for clinical management and mitigation strategies for this disease.

Suggested Citation

  • Hannah Peckham & Nina M. Gruijter & Charles Raine & Anna Radziszewska & Coziana Ciurtin & Lucy R. Wedderburn & Elizabeth C. Rosser & Kate Webb & Claire T. Deakin, 2020. "Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission," Nature Communications, Nature, vol. 11(1), pages 1-10, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:nat:natcom:v:11:y:2020:i:1:d:10.1038_s41467-020-19741-6
    DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19741-6
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    Cited by:

    1. Danielsen, Ann Caroline & Lee, Katharine MN & Boulicault, Marion & Rushovich, Tamara & Gompers, Annika & Tarrant, Amelia & Reiches, Meredith & Shattuck-Heidorn, Heather & Miratrix, Luke W. & Richardso, 2022. "Sex disparities in COVID-19 outcomes in the United States: Quantifying and contextualizing variation," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 294(C).
    2. Kabir,Kayenat & Dudu,Hasan & Tchana Tchana,Fulbert, 2021. "Gender Dimensions of COVID-19 Economic Impact in Chad : Insights from a CGE Model and Household Phone Survey," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9679, The World Bank.
    3. Simone Ghislandi & Raya Muttarak & Markus Sauerberg & Benedetta Scotti, 2022. "Human costs of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the major epicentres in Italy," Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, Vienna Institute of Demography (VID) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna, vol. 20(1), pages 285-282.
    4. Egor Malkov, 2021. "Spousal Occupational Sorting and COVID-19 Incidence: Evidence from the United States," Papers 2107.14350, arXiv.org, revised Sep 2021.
    5. Nathália Mariana Santos Sansone & Letícia Rogini Pereira & Matheus Negri Boschiero & Felipe Eduardo Valencise & Andréa Melo Alexandre Fraga & Fernando Augusto Lima Marson, 2022. "Characterization of Clinical Features of Hospitalized Patients Due to the SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Absence of Comorbidities Regarding the Sex: An Epidemiological Study of the First Year of the Pand," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-20, July.
    6. Luigi Montano & Francesco Donato & Pietro Massimiliano Bianco & Gennaro Lettieri & Antonino Guglielmino & Oriana Motta & Ian Marc Bonapace & Marina Piscopo, 2021. "Air Pollution and COVID-19: A Possible Dangerous Synergy for Male Fertility," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-21, June.
    7. Kazim Topuz & Behrooz Davazdahemami & Dursun Delen, 2024. "A Bayesian belief network-based analytics methodology for early-stage risk detection of novel diseases," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 341(1), pages 673-697, October.
    8. Bertocchi, Graziella & Dimico, Arcangelo, 2024. "JUE Insight: COVID-19, race, and gender," Journal of Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    9. Badr K. Aldhmadi & Rakesh Kumar & Ramaiah Itumalla & Bilesha Perera, 2021. "Depressive Symptomatology and Practice of Safety Measures among Undergraduate Students during COVID-19: Impact of Gender," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-9, May.
    10. Maria Grazia Cagetti & Araxi Balian & Nicole Camoni & Guglielmo Campus, 2021. "Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Dental Emergency Admissions in an Urgent Dental Care Service in North Italy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-10, February.
    11. Nicolás Bronfman & Paula Repetto & Paola Cordón & Javiera Castañeda & Pamela Cisternas, 2021. "Gender Differences on Psychosocial Factors Affecting COVID-19 Preventive Behaviors," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-12, May.

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