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The Mental Health Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Second Wave on Shielders and Their Family Members

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  • Jo Daniels

    (Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
    North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK)

  • Hannah Rettie

    (Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
    North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK)

Abstract

In March 2020, individuals shielding from coronavirus reported high rates of distress. This study investigated whether fear of contamination (FoC) and use of government-recommended behaviours (GRB; e.g., handwashing and wearing masks) were associated with psychological distress during February 2021. An online cross-sectional questionnaire assessed psychological distress in three groups (shielding self, shielding other/s, and control), and those shielding others also completed an adapted measure of health anxiety (α = 0.94). The sample ( N = 723) was predominantly female (84%) with a mean age of 41.72 ( SD = 15.15). Those shielding (self) demonstrated significantly higher rates of health anxiety and FoC in comparison to other groups ( p < 0.001). The use of GRB was significantly lower in controls ( p < 0.001), with no significant difference between the two shielding groups ( p = 0.753). Rates of anxiety were higher when compared to March 2020 findings, except for controls. Hierarchical regressions indicated FoC and GRB accounted for 24% of variance in generalised anxiety ( p < 0.001) and 28% in health anxiety, however, the latter was a non-significant predictor in final models. Those shielding themselves and others during the pandemic have experienced sustained levels of distress; special consideration must be given to those indirectly affected. Psychological interventions should account for realistic FoC and the impact of government-recommended health behaviours, as these factors are associated with distress in vulnerable groups and may extend beyond the pandemic. Future research should focus on longitudinal designs to monitor and better understand the clinical needs of those shielding, and those shielding others post-pandemic.

Suggested Citation

  • Jo Daniels & Hannah Rettie, 2022. "The Mental Health Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Second Wave on Shielders and Their Family Members," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-17, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:12:p:7333-:d:839315
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Edouard Mathieu & Hannah Ritchie & Esteban Ortiz-Ospina & Max Roser & Joe Hasell & Cameron Appel & Charlie Giattino & Lucas Rodés-Guirao, 2021. "A global database of COVID-19 vaccinations," Nature Human Behaviour, Nature, vol. 5(7), pages 947-953, July.
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    3. Patricia Montenegro & Irene Moral & Alicia Puy & Esther Cordero & Noa Chantada & Lluis Cuixart & Carlos Brotons, 2022. "Prevalence of Post COVID-19 Condition in Primary Care: A Cross Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-8, February.
    4. Henry Kaiser, 1974. "An index of factorial simplicity," Psychometrika, Springer;The Psychometric Society, vol. 39(1), pages 31-36, March.
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    1. Ilaria Cataldo & Dora Novotny & Alessandro Carollo & Gianluca Esposito, 2023. "Mental Health in the Post-Lockdown Scenario: A Scientometric Investigation of the Main Thematic Trends of Research," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(13), pages 1-21, July.

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