IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jijerp/v19y2021i1p184-d710786.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Depression, Anxiety and Stress on Caregivers of Persons with Dementia (CGPWD) in Hong Kong amid COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

Listed:
  • Tommy Kwan-Hin Fong

    (Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China)

  • Teris Cheung

    (School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China)

  • Wai-Chi Chan

    (Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China)

  • Calvin Pak-Wing Cheng

    (Department of Psychiatry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China)

Abstract

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) contributed to increasing prevalence of depressive symptoms and other psychological repercussions, particularly in the disease population in Hong Kong. Nonetheless, the caregiver burden of caregivers of persons with dementia (CGPWD), has been under-investigated. Aims: This study examined the psychological impact and its correlates on the CGPWD in Hong Kong amid the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: CGPWD referred from rehabilitation clinics and online seminar were used to recruit participants to complete an online questionnaire by the end of the second-wave of the COVID-19 outbreak (June 2021). To be eligible, either full-time or part-time CGPWD, aged 18 or above, can understand Cantonese, currently reside in Hong Kong and offering care to PWD for at least one year, were recruited. Those CGPWD diagnosed with any type of psychiatric disorder were excluded from this study. The Chinese Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI-22), and Nonattachment Scale (NAS-7) were used to measure participants’ depression, perceived stress, anxiety symptoms, caregiver burden and wisdom in subjective feelings of internal stress. The modified Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (mMOS-SS) and the SARS Appraisal Inventory (SAI) were also administered to measure participants’ perceived support and coping efficacy. Follow-up responses were gathered by the end of third-wave outbreak (October 2021). Results: A total of 51 CGPWD participated, of which, 33 (64.7%) suffered from probable depression (CES-D score ≥ 16). Participants also showed a significant increase in depression symptom scores at the three-month follow-up period (t = 2.25, p = 0.03). CGPWD with probable depression had less non-attachment awareness and higher scores in anxiety, stress, caregiving burden, and coronavirus impact (all p < 0.05) than those without. Conclusions: High prevalence of depressive symptoms was noted among our CGPWD sample and these symptoms seemed to worsen substantially. Contingent online mental health support should be prioritized to those CGPWD to reduce psychiatric morbidity and the global disease burden.

Suggested Citation

  • Tommy Kwan-Hin Fong & Teris Cheung & Wai-Chi Chan & Calvin Pak-Wing Cheng, 2021. "Depression, Anxiety and Stress on Caregivers of Persons with Dementia (CGPWD) in Hong Kong amid COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-13, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2021:i:1:p:184-:d:710786
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/1/184/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/1/184/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sherbourne, Cathy Donald & Stewart, Anita L., 1991. "The MOS social support survey," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 32(6), pages 705-714, January.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Vivian Weiqun Lou & Clio Yuen Man Cheng & Doris Sau Fung Yu & Daniel Fu Keung Wong & Daniel W. L. Lai & Alice Ming Lin Chong & Shuangzhou Chen & Kee Lee Chou, 2022. "Meaning Making as a Lifebuoy in Dementia Caregiving: Predicting Depression from a Generation Perspective Using a Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-17, November.
    2. Khai Pin Tan & Jin Kiat Ang & Eugene Boon Yau Koh & Nicholas Tze Ping Pang & Zanariah Mat Saher, 2023. "Relationship of Psychological Flexibility and Mindfulness to Caregiver Burden, and Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Caregivers of People with Dementia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-30, February.
    3. Sean G. Young, 2023. "Hidden Costs of the COVID-19 Pandemic Response," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(8), pages 1-7, April.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Denise Catalano & Linda Holloway & Elias Mpofu, 2018. "Mental Health Interventions for Parent Carers of Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder: Practice Guidelines from a Critical Interpretive Synthesis (CIS) Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-23, February.
    2. Valéria Teresa Saraiva Lino & Nádia Cristina Pinheiro Rodrigues & Mônica Kramer de Noronha Andrade & Inês Nascimento de Carvalho Reis & Lucília Almeida Elias Lopes & Soraya Atie, 2019. "Association between visual problems, insufficient emotional support and urinary incontinence with disability in elderly people living in a poor district in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: A six-year follow-up," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(5), pages 1-12, May.
    3. White, Lynn & McQuillan, Julia & Greil, Arthur L. & Johnson, David R., 2006. "Infertility: Testing a helpseeking model," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 62(4), pages 1031-1041, February.
    4. Liping Ye & Xinping Zhang, 2021. "The association mechanism between social network types and health‐related behaviours among the elderly in rural Hubei Province, China," International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 36(3), pages 826-846, May.
    5. Patrick Nürnberger & Dirk von Lewinski & Hans-Bernd Rothenhäusler & Celine Braun & Patrick Reinbacher & Ewald Kolesnik & Andreas Baranyi, 2022. "A biopsychosocial model of severe fear of COVID-19," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 17(2), pages 1-16, February.
    6. Francis, Jacinta & Wood, Lisa J. & Knuiman, Matthew & Giles-Corti, Billie, 2012. "Quality or quantity? Exploring the relationship between Public Open Space attributes and mental health in Perth, Western Australia," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 74(10), pages 1570-1577.
    7. Srinivasan Chokkanathan & Aravindhan Natarajan, 2018. "Perceived Quality of Life following Elder Mistreatment in Rural India," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 73(5), pages 69-80.
    8. Kenneth G. Rice & Fernán Arana & Hannah Wetstone & Michelle Aiello & Barbara Durán, 2023. "Predicting and Moderating COVID-Fear and Stress among College Students in Argentina and the USA," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(15), pages 1-20, August.
    9. Zinn, Andrew & Palmer, Ashley N. & Nam, Eunji, 2017. "Developmental heterogeneity of perceived social support among former foster youth," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 76(C), pages 51-58.
    10. César Merino-Soto & Alicia Boluarte Carbajal & Filiberto Toledano-Toledano & Laura A. Nabors & Miguel Ángel Núñez-Benítez, 2022. "A New Story on the Multidimensionality of the MSPSS: Validity of the Internal Structure through Bifactor ESEM," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(2), pages 1-17, January.
    11. Mariana Sanchez & Eduardo Romano & Christyl Dawson & Hui Huang & Alicia Sneij & Elena Cyrus & Patria Rojas & Miguel Ángel Cano & Judith Brook & Mario De La Rosa, 2016. "Drinking and Driving among Recent Latino Immigrants: The Impact of Neighborhoods and Social Support," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-15, October.
    12. Ellen G. Levine & Grace J. Yoo & Caryn Aviv, 2017. "Predictors of Quality of Life among Ethnically Diverse Breast Cancer Survivors," Applied Research in Quality of Life, Springer;International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, vol. 12(1), pages 1-16, March.
    13. Petro Mlyakado, Budeba & Li, Jessica Chi-Mei & Xinshan Jia, Cindy, 2023. "Online sexual exploitation of adolescents in Tanzania: Explaining help-seeking intention using the theory of planned behaviour," Children and Youth Services Review, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    14. José Antonio Llosa & Esteban Agulló-Tomás & Sara Menéndez-Espina & María Luz Rivero-Díaz & Enrique Iglesias-Martínez, 2022. "Self-Criticism in In-Work Poverty: The Mediating Role of Social Support in the Era of Flexibility," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-16, January.
    15. Kathleen Finlayson & Helen Edwards & Mary Courtney, 2010. "The impact of psychosocial factors on adherence to compression therapy to prevent recurrence of venous leg ulcers," Journal of Clinical Nursing, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 19(9‐10), pages 1289-1297, May.
    16. Mieko Yoshihama & Jun Sung Hong & Yueqi Yan, 2022. "Everyday Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms among Gujarati Adults: Gender Difference in the Role of Social Support," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(14), pages 1-13, July.
    17. Cristina Dumitrache & Gill Windle & Ramona Rubio Herrera, 2015. "Do Social Resources Explain the Relationship Between Optimism and Life Satisfaction in Community-Dwelling Older People? Testing a Multiple Mediation Model," Journal of Happiness Studies, Springer, vol. 16(3), pages 633-654, June.
    18. Lisa Hightow-Weidman & Sara LeGrand & Seul Ki Choi & Joseph Egger & Christopher B Hurt & Kathryn E Muessig, 2017. "Exploring the HIV continuum of care among young black MSM," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 12(6), pages 1-20, June.
    19. Ruth Palan Lopez & A.J. Guarino, 2011. "Uncertainty and Decision Making for Residents with Dementia," Clinical Nursing Research, , vol. 20(3), pages 228-240, August.
    20. Tonorezos, Emily S. & Breysse, Patrick N. & Matsui, Elizabeth C. & McCormack, Meredith C. & Curtin-Brosnan, Jean & Williams, D'Ann & Hansel, Nadia N. & Eggleston, Peyton A. & Diette, Gregory B., 2008. "Does neighborhood violence lead to depression among caregivers of children with asthma?," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 67(1), pages 31-37, July.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2021:i:1:p:184-:d:710786. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.