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Relationship of Psychological Flexibility and Mindfulness to Caregiver Burden, and Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Caregivers of People with Dementia

Author

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  • Khai Pin Tan

    (Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan 25100, Pahang, Malaysia)

  • Jin Kiat Ang

    (Department of Psychiatry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Eugene Boon Yau Koh

    (Department of Psychiatry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia)

  • Nicholas Tze Ping Pang

    (Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia)

  • Zanariah Mat Saher

    (Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Kuala Lumpur General Hospital, Kuala Lumpur 50586, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia)

Abstract

Caregivers of People with dementia (PwD) commonly experience burdens and other mental health issues, e.g., depression and anxiety. At present, there are limited studies that examine the relationships between caregiver psychological factors and caregiver burden, and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Therefore, this study’s objectives were to examine the relationships between psychological flexibility and mindfulness in caregivers of PwD, and to determine the predictors of these three outcomes. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the geriatric psychiatry clinic of Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Malaysia, and the sample ( n = 82) was recruited via a universal sampling method over three months. The participants completed a questionnaire that consisted of the sociodemographics of the PwD and caregivers, illness characteristics of the PwD, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), Zarit Burden Interview Scale (ZBI), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). The results show that despite significant relationships between psychological flexibility and mindfulness and lower levels of caregiver burden, and depressive and anxiety symptoms ( p < 0.01), only psychological inflexibility ( p < 0.01) remained as a significant predictor of the three outcomes. Therefore, in conclusion, intervention programs that target the awareness of the caregiver’s psychological inflexibility should be implemented to alleviate these adverse outcomes in dementia caregivers.

Suggested Citation

  • Khai Pin Tan & Jin Kiat Ang & Eugene Boon Yau Koh & Nicholas Tze Ping Pang & Zanariah Mat Saher, 2023. "Relationship of Psychological Flexibility and Mindfulness to Caregiver Burden, and Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Caregivers of People with Dementia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-30, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:5:p:4232-:d:1081964
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Qing Lou & Shuling Liu & Ya Ruth Huo & Mengyuan Liu & Shuai Liu & Yong Ji, 2015. "Comprehensive analysis of patient and caregiver predictors for caregiver burden, anxiety and depression in Alzheimer's disease," Journal of Clinical Nursing, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 24(17-18), pages 2668-2678, September.
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    3. Lucinda Lee Roff & Louis D. Burgio & Laura Gitlin & Linda Nichols & William Chaplin & J. Michael Hardin, 2004. "Positive Aspects of Alzheimer's Caregiving: The Role of Race," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 59(4), pages 185-190.
    4. Tommy Kwan-Hin Fong & Teris Cheung & Wai-Chi Chan & Calvin Pak-Wing Cheng, 2021. "Depression, Anxiety and Stress on Caregivers of Persons with Dementia (CGPWD) in Hong Kong amid COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(1), pages 1-13, December.
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    1. Syarifah Amirah Binti Syed Ahmad & Zarina Nahar Kabir & Marie Tyrrell & Åsa Craftman & Hashima E. Nasreen, 2024. "Efficacy of a Telephone-Intervention on Caregiving Burden and Mental Health among Family Caregivers of Persons with Dementia in Malaysia: A Randomized Controlled Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 21(10), pages 1-15, October.

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